scholarly journals Five New Hot Jupiter Transits Investigated with Swift-UVOT

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (6) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Lia Corrales ◽  
Sasikrishna Ravi ◽  
George W. King ◽  
Erin May ◽  
Emily Rauscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Temperature ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hot Jupiters ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Marginal Detection ◽  
Optical Radius

Abstract Short-wavelength exoplanet transit measurements have been used to probe mass loss in exoplanet atmospheres. We present the Swift-UVOT transit light curves for five hot Jupiters orbiting UV-bright F-type stars: XO-3, KELT-3, WASP-3, WASP-62, and HAT-P-6. We report one positive transit detection of XO-3b and one marginal detection of KELT-3b. We place upper limits on the remaining three transit depths. The planetary radii derived from the NUV transit depths of both potential detections are 50%–100% larger than their optical radius measurements. We examine the ratio R NUV/R opt for trends as a function of estimated mass-loss rate, which we derive from X-ray luminosity obtained from the Swift-XRT or, in the case of WASP-62, XMM-Newton. We find no correlation between the energy-limited photoevaporative mass-loss rate and the R NUV/R opt ratio. We also search for trends based on the equilibrium temperature of the hot Jupiters. We find a possible indication of a transition in the R NUV/R opt ratio around T eq = 1700 K, analogous to the trends found for NIR water features in transmission spectra. This might be explained by the formation of extended cloud decks with silicate particles ≤1 μm. We demonstrate that the Swift-UVOT filters could be sensitive to absorption from aerosols in exoplanet atmospheres.

scholarly journals Radio Supernovae as Direct Evidence of Stellar Evolution in Real Time

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-367
Author(s):  
S.D. Van Dyk ◽  
M.J. Montes ◽  
K.W. Weiler ◽  
R.A. Sramek ◽  
N. Panagia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stringent Constraint ◽  
Clear Change ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Circumstellar Environment

The radio emission from supernovae provides a direct probe of a supernova’s circumstellar environment, which presumably was established by mass-loss episodes in the late stages of the progenitor’s presupernova evolution. The observed synchrotron emission is generated by the SN shock interacting with the relatively high-density circumstellar medium which has been fully ionized and heated by the initial UV/X-ray flash. The study of radio supernovae therefore provides many clues to and constraints on stellar evolution. We will present the recent results on several cases, including SN 1980K, whose recent abrupt decline provides us with a stringent constraint on the progenitor’s initial mass; SN 1993J, for which the profile of the wind matter supports the picture of the progenitor’s evolution in an interacting binary system; and SN 1979C, where a clear change in presupernova mass-loss rate occurred about 104 years before explosion. Other examples, such as SNe 19941 and 1996cb, will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Mass loss via solar wind and coronal mass ejections during solar cycles 23 and 24

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (4) ◽  
pp. 4671-4685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wageesh Mishra ◽  
Nandita Srivastava ◽  
Yuming Wang ◽  
Zavkiddin Mirtoshev ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Background

ABSTRACT Similar to the Sun, other stars shed mass and magnetic flux via ubiquitous quasi-steady wind and episodic stellar coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We investigate the mass loss rate via solar wind and CMEs as a function of solar magnetic variability represented in terms of sunspot number and solar X-ray background luminosity. We estimate the contribution of CMEs to the total solar wind mass flux in the ecliptic and beyond, and its variation over different phases of the solar activity cycles. The study exploits the number of sunspots observed, coronagraphic observations of CMEs near the Sun by SOHO/LASCO, in situ observations of the solar wind at 1 AU by WIND, and GOES X-ray flux during solar cycles 23 and 24. We note that the X-ray background luminosity, occurrence rate of CMEs and ICMEs, solar wind mass flux, and associated mass loss rates from the Sun do not decrease as strongly as the sunspot number from the maximum of solar cycle 23 to the next maximum. Our study confirms a true physical increase in CME activity relative to the sunspot number in cycle 24. We show that the CME occurrence rate and associated mass loss rate can be better predicted by X-ray background luminosity than the sunspot number. The solar wind mass loss rate which is an order of magnitude more than the CME mass loss rate shows no obvious dependency on cyclic variation in sunspot number and solar X-ray background luminosity. These results have implications for the study of solar-type stars.

scholarly journals On the evolutionary status and instability mechanism of the Luminous Blue Variables (LBV)

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
André Maeder
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Evolutionary Status ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Luminous Blue Variables ◽  
Ir Sources ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Lower Luminosity

AbstractVarious evolutionary sequences leading to LBV are examined. The sequence O-Of-LBV-WR-SN is well supported by the models; some LBV with relatively lower luminosity may turn into OH/IR sources. The overall duration of the LBV phase depends mainly on the average mass loss rate; for <Ṁ> = 10−3M⊙y−1, it lasts about 104y.Very massive stars undergo, when they reach logTeff= 3.9, strong departure from hydrostatic equilibrium due to supra-Eddington luminosities at some depth in the outer layers. This results in heavy mass loss, as the growth rate of the instability is very fast. We suggest that the amount of mass ejected in a shell episode is mainly determined by the mass of such a layer that its thermal adjustment timescale is within an order of magnitude of the stellar dynamical timescale. Simulations of B-light curves due to shell ejections by LBV are performed and some sensitive properties are identified.

scholarly journals Radio view of a broad-line Type Ic supernova ASASSN-16fp

2020 ◽  
Vol 494 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Nayana A. J. ◽  
Poonam Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Broad Line ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Density Enhancement ◽  
Circumstellar Shell ◽  
Equipartition Of Energy ◽  
Relativistic Particles

ABSTRACT We present extensive radio observations of a Type Ic supernova, ASASSN-16fp. Our data represent the lowest frequency observations of the supernova beyond 1000 d with a frequency range of 0.33–25 GHz and a temporal range of ∼8–1136 d post-explosion. The observations are best represented by a model of synchrotron emission from a shocked circumstellar shell initially suppressed by synchrotron self-absorption. Assuming equipartition of energy between relativistic particles and magnetic fields, we estimate the velocity and radius of the blast wave to be $v$ ∼ 0.15c and r ∼ 3.4 × 1015 cm, respectively, at t0 ∼ 8 d post-explosion. We infer the total internal energy of the radio-emitting material evolves as E ∼ 0.37 × 1047 (t/t0)0.65 erg. We determine the mass-loss rate of the progenitor star to be $\dot{M} \sim (0.4\!-\!3.2) \times 10^{-5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, \rm yr^{-1}$ at various epochs post-explosion, consistent with the mass-loss rate of Galactic Wolf–Rayet stars. The radio light curves and spectra show a signature of density enhancement in the circumstellar medium at a radius of ∼1.10 × 1016 cm from the explosion centre.

scholarly journals In hot pursuit of the hidden companion of η Carinae: an X-ray determination of the wind parameters

2003 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Julian M. Pittard ◽  
Michael F. Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
Binary System ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Binary Hypothesis ◽  
Η Car

We perform X-ray spectral fits to a recently obtained Chandra grating spectrum of η Carinae, one of the most massive and powerful stars in the Galaxy and which is strongly suspected to be a colliding wind binary system. The good fit that we obtain gives us further confidence in the binary hypothesis, and we find M ≈ 2.5 × 10–4 M⊙ yr–1 for the mass loss rate of η Car.

scholarly journals Modeling the Radio and X-ray Emission of SN 1993J and SN 2002ap

2005 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Claes Fransson ◽  
Claes-Ingvar Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Particle Acceleration ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Relativistic Particle ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Magnetic Field Generation ◽  
Absorption Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Mechanisms

SummaryModeling of radio and X-ray observations of supernovae interacting with their circumstellar media are discussed, with special application to SN 1993J and SN 2002ap. We emphasize the importance of including all relevant physical mechanisms, especially for the modeling of the radio light curves. The different conclusions for the absorption mechanism (free-free or synchrotron self-absorption), as well as departures from an ρ ∝ r−2 CSM, as inferred by some authors, are discussed in detail. We conclude that the evidence for a variation in the mass loss rate with time is very weak. The results regarding the efficiencies of magnetic field generation and relativistic particle acceleration are summarized.

scholarly journals X-ray spectral diagnostics of activity in massive stars

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S272) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Cohen ◽  
Emma E. Wollman ◽  
Maurice A. Leutenegger
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectral Diagnostics ◽  
Loss Rates

AbstractX-rays give direct evidence of instabilities, time-variable structure, and shock heating in the winds of O stars. The observed broad X-ray emission lines provide information about the kinematics of shock-heated wind plasma, enabling us to test wind-shock models. And their shapes provide information about wind absorption, and thus about the wind mass-loss rates. Mass-loss rates determined from X-ray line profiles are not sensitive to density-squared clumping effects, and indicate mass-loss rate reductions of factors of 3 to 6 over traditional diagnostics that suffer from density-squared effects. Broad-band X-ray spectral energy distributions also provide mass-loss rate information via soft X-ray absorption signatures. In some cases, the degree of wind absorption is so high, that the hardening of the X-ray SED can be quite significant. We discuss these results as applied to the early O stars ζ Pup (O4 If), 9 Sgr (O4 V((f))), and HD 93129A (O2 If*).

scholarly journals Measuring and modeling the Balmer series in hot gaseous giant exoplanets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Wyttenbach ◽  
Paul Mollière ◽  
David Ehrenreich ◽  
Heather Cegla ◽  
Vincent Bourrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Balmer Series ◽  
Hot Jupiters ◽  
Atmospheric Escape ◽  
Line Shapes ◽  
Early Type Star ◽  
Photo Ionization

<p>Atmospheric escape rate is a key parameter to measure in order to understand the evolution of exoplanets. In this presentation, we will show that the Balmer series, observed with high-resolution transmission spectroscopy, is a precise probe to measure exoplanet evaporation, especially for ultra hot Jupiters orbiting early-type star. These hot gaseous giant exoplanets (such as KELT-9 b) are presumed to have an atmosphere dominated by neutral and ionized atomic species. In particular, hydrogen Balmer lines have been detected in some of their upper atmospheres, suggesting that hydrogen is filling the planetary Roche lobe and escaping from these planets. Here, we will present new significant absorptions of the Balmer series in the KELT-9b atmosphere obtained with HARPS-N. The precise line shapes of the Hα, Hβ, and Hγ absorptions allow us to put constraints on the thermospheric temperature. Moreover, the mass loss rate, and the excited hydrogen population of KELT-9 b are also constrained, thanks to a retrieval analysis performed with a new atmospheric model (the PAWN model). We retrieved a thermospheric temperature of T = 13 200+800-720 K and a mass loss rate of log10(MLR) = 10^(12.8+-0.3) g/s when the atmosphere was assumed to be in hydrodynamical expansion and in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Since the thermospheres of hot Jupiters are not expected to be in LTE, we explored atmospheric structures with non-Boltzmann equilibrium for the population of the excited hydrogen. We do not find strong statistical evidence in favor of a departure from LTE. However, our non-LTE scenario suggests that a departure from the Boltzmann equilibrium may not be sufficient to explain the retrieved low number densities of the excited hydrogen. In non-LTE, Saha equilibrium departure via photo-ionization, is also likely to be necessary to explain the data.</p>

scholarly journals X-Ray Emission from Young Supernovae

2003 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
Stefan Immler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Circumstellar Matter ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Reverse Shock ◽  
X Ray

Observations of young SNe in the (∼ 0.1−100 keV) X-ray band allow to establish physical key parameters, such as the circumstellar matter (CSM) density, the mass-loss rate of the progenitor and the temperature of the outgoing and reverse shock as a function of time. Over the last ∼ 25 years, a small number of young SNe has been detected with orbiting X-ray observatories shortly after the outburst (days to months). Some highlights of recent observations with Chandra and XMM-Newton are presented and implications as to our understanding of the physical processes giving rise to the X-ray emission are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals A Diffusion Mass-Loss Model for the Ap Star 53 Cam

1993 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 275-277
Author(s):  
J. Babel
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Spectral Features ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
A Value ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
Diffusion Mass

AbstractThe mechanism and properties of mass loss are poorly known for Ap stars. Present upper limits on the mass loss rate are of 10−10 M⊙yr−1, a value which does not permit any element separation. Abundance maps could be a very powerful tool to constrain the mass loss rate and the wind geometry of Ap stars, as surface abundances are sensitive to rates as small as 10−15 M⊙yr−1. We here propose a diffusion-mass loss model for 53 Cam and compute abundance distributions in the photosphere of 53 Cam. The mass loss geometry is determined from the Ca II K line profile and its time variation. We obtain that the diffusion-mass loss model explains many spectral features of 53 Cam, both in the UV and visible domains.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document