scholarly journals Evaluation of protein: lipid ratio on growth, feed efficiency, and metabolic response in juvenile yellowtail snapper Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-341
Author(s):  
Martin Arenas ◽  
Alfonso Álvarez-González ◽  
Álvaro Barreto ◽  
Adolfo Sánchez ◽  
Gerard Cuzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

This study was conducted to evaluate juveniles' Ocyurus chrysurus (13.7 ± 0.45 g initial weight) to utilize lipid as an energy source on growth, feed efficiency, body composition, digestive and hepatic enzyme activities. Four diets of two protein levels (40 and 50%) with two lipid levels (6 and 12%) and 2% of digestible carbohydrates were formulated. Fish were fed for 60 days to apparent satiation at a stocking density of 10 fish per tank (100 L). Growth gain of fish fed 50% dietary protein was higher than of fish fed 40% dietary protein (P < 0.05). However, feed efficiency was significantly higher at 12 than 6% of dietary lipid. Whole-body lipid and glycogen in the liver increased dramatically with dietary lipid content-alkaline protease activity trend increased as dietary protein increased. Trypsin activity increased significantly as dietary lipid decreased, whereas chymotrypsin activity showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). Bile salt-dependent lipase activity trend towards increasing as dietary energy decreased. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase (FBPase) significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity increased with dietary protein content. On the other side, pyruvate kinase (PK) activity increased with both dietary protein and lipid content. This study indicates that high dietary lipid (12%) improved the feed efficiency but did not reduce dietary protein demand in juveniles O. chrysurus.

scholarly journals Protein utilisation and intermediary metabolism of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) as a function of protein:lipid ratio

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1373-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Borges ◽  
Françoise Medale ◽  
Jorge Dias ◽  
Luísa M. P. Valente
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Solea Senegalensis ◽  
Senegalese Sole ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Dietary Starch

Previous experiments with Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) have demonstrated that dietary lipid levels above 8 % impaired growth and did not promote protein retention. We hypothesised that this low ability to use high-lipid diets may depend on the dietary protein level. In the present study, a 2 × 2 factorial design was applied where two dietary lipid (4–17 % DM) and two dietary protein (below and above the requirement levels, 48 and 54 % DM) levels were tested in juveniles for 114 d. Growth performance was not improved by the increase in dietary fat, irrespectively of the dietary protein levels. Protein retention was similar among the diets, although fish fed the diets with high lipid content resulted in significantly lower protein gain. Among the enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism, only aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver was affected by the dietary lipid levels, being stimulated in fish fed high-lipid diets. Moreover, phosphofructokinase 1 activity was significantly elevated in the muscle of Senegalese sole fed 4 % lipid diets, suggesting enhanced glycolysis in the muscle when the dietary lipid supply was limited and dietary starch increased. The results confirmed that high-lipid diets do not enhance growth, and data from the selected enzymes support the assumption that lipids are not efficiently used for energy production and protein sparing, even when dietary protein is below the protein requirement of the species. Furthermore, data suggest a significant role of glucose as the energy source in Senegalese sole.

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition in juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratu

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Belsare ◽  
Hukam Singh Dhaker ◽  
A. S. Pawase ◽  
V. R> Joshi ◽  
S. A. Mohite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Lipid Level ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Body Protein

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth, feed utilization and body composition of goldfish, Carassius auratus juveniles (1.66 ± 0.018 g). Six diets containing two protein levels (300 and 400 g/kg) and three lipid levels (40, 80 and 120 g/kg) were formulated. Fifteen fish were randomly allotted to 18 aquaria (0.6 × 0.3 × 0.45 m) and fed to apparent satiation. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased in response to higher dietary proteins with highest weight gain and SGR recorded in diet containing 400 g/kg protein with 80 g/kg lipid. Both feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were dependent on dietary protein and lipid level (P less than 0.05). Lipid retention (LR) was negatively correlated while hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) was positively correlated with dietary lipid levels. Whole body protein content decreased (P less than 0.05) while, lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid at each protein level. Second-order polynomial regression also revealed diet containing 400 g/kg protein level and 80 g/kg lipid level optimal for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile goldfish, C. auratus.

scholarly journals Growth performance, nutrient utilisation and carcass composition respond to dietary protein concentrations in broiler chickens but responses are modified by dietary lipid levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Y. Liu ◽  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
Rob M. Gous ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation

AbstractA total of ten experimental diets with protein concentrations ranging from 154 to 400 g/kg and two lipid levels (46 and 85 g/kg) with identical energy densities were offered to 240 male Ross 308 broilers from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. Growth performance was monitored and nutrient utilisation (apparent metabolisable energy (AME), N-corrected AME (AMEn), AME daily intake, AME:gross energy ratios, N retention) was determined. The weight gain response of broiler chickens to dietary protein concentrations in diets containing high and low lipid levels was diverse, with the relevant quadratic regressions being significantly different (P<0·05). With low lipid levels, the predicted maximum weight gain of 1809 g/bird equated to 342 g/kg dietary protein, whereas, for high lipid levels the predicted maximum weight gain of 1694 g/bird equated to 281 g/kg dietary protein. AME was linearly correlated with dietary protein concentration but regressions in diets with different lipid content were not significantly different (P>0·05). AMEn was also linearly (P<0·0001) increased with dietary protein concentrations but regressions in diets with low and high lipid content were significantly different (P<0·03). Carcass protein content increased linearly with dietary protein content in diets containing high lipid concentrations (r 0·933, P<0·0001); by contrast, this relationship was quadratic (R2=0·93, P<0·0001) in diets with low lipid levels. In conclusion, predictably, the effects of dietary protein concentrations on broiler performance were profound; however, the impact of dietary protein on performance in broiler chickens was modified by dietary lipid concentrations.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

scholarly journals Optimum dietary protein requirement for Amazonian Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818, fed fish meal free diets

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Augusto Oishi ◽  
Lawrence C Nwanna ◽  
Manoel Pereira Filho
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Final Weight

Fish meal free diets were formulated to contain graded protein levels as 25% (diet 1), 30% (diet 2), 35% (diet 3) and 40% (diet 4). The diets were fed to tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) (46.4 ± 6.3g) in randomly designed recirculating systems for 60 days, to determine the optimum protein requirement for the fish. The final weight of the fish, weight gain (28.1, 28.5, 32.2, 28.0g) and specific growth rate increased (P>0.05) consistently with increasing dietary protein up to treatment with 35% protein diet and then showed a declining trend. Feed intake followed the same trend resulting in best feed efficiency (62.5%) in fish fed diet with 35% protein. Similarly, the protein intake increased significantly with increasing dietary protein levels and reduced after the fish fed with 35% protein; while protein efficiency ratio (2.28, 1.99, 1.87, 1.74) decreased with increasing dietary protein levels. Carcass ash and protein had linear relationship with dietary protein levels while the lipid showed a decreasing trend. Ammonia content (0.68, 0.73, 0.81, 1.21 mg L-1) of the experimental waters also increased (P<0.05) with increasing protein levels while pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature remained fairly constant without any clear pattern of inclination. Broken-line estimation of the weight gain indicated 30% protein as the optimum requirement for the fish.

scholarly journals Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jener Alexandre Sampaio Zuanon ◽  
Ana Lúcia Salaro ◽  
Sofia Simões Silveira Moraes ◽  
Leandro Moreno de Oliveira Alves ◽  
Eric Márcio Balbino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were evaluated. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, with three dietary crude protein levels being tested (26, 30, and 34% of CP) combined with two digestible energy levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal DE/kg of diet) in three replicates. Juveniles averaging 2.33 ± 0.26 g were reared in a 25L-aquarium with controlled temperature (26 ± 1ºC), biological filter and stocking density of six fish/aquarium. Fish were fed ad libitum at 09:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. The following performance parameters were evaluated: final weight, final length, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor. Fish fed diets with 26% CP showed greater protein efficiency values when compared to those fed diets with 34% CP. Diets with 26% of CP and 3100 kcal DE/kg could meet the nutritional requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish.

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