scholarly journals Comparative analysis of chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems in Paraneoptera (Insecta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-327
Author(s):  
Valentina G. Kuznetsova ◽  
Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin ◽  
Snejana M. Grozeva ◽  
Natalia V. Golub
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
True Bugs ◽  
Reproductive Patterns ◽  
Bark Lice

This article is part (the 4th article) of the themed issue (a monograph) “Aberrant cytogenetic and reproductive patterns in the evolution of Paraneoptera”. The purpose of this article is to consider chromosome structure and evolution, chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems, which all together constitute the chromosomal basis of reproduction and are essential for reproductive success. We are based on our own observations and literature data available for all major lineages of Paraneoptera including Zoraptera (angel insects), Copeognatha (=Psocoptera; bark lice), Parasita (=Phthiraptera s. str; true lice), Thysanoptera (thrips), Homoptera (scale insects, aphids, jumping plant-lice, whiteflies, and true hoppers), Heteroptera (true bugs), and Coleorrhyncha (moss bugs). Terminology, nomenclature, classification, and the study methods are given in the first paper of the issue (Gavrilov-Zimin et al. 2021).

Aphids, true hoppers, jumping plant-lice, scale insects, true bugs and whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera) from the Insect Limestone (latest Eocene) of the Isle of Wight, UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-396
Author(s):  
Jacek SZWEDO ◽  
Jowita DROHOJOWSKA ◽  
Yuri A. POPOV ◽  
Ewa SIMON ◽  
Piotr WEGIEREK
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Isle Of Wight ◽  
True Bugs ◽  
Latest Eocene

ABSTRACTRepresentatives of the Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Heteroptera from the Late Eocene of the Isle of Wight, UK, are analysed and discussed. Psylloidea were reviewed and a key to the described taxa is given. Aphidoidea were studied, previously described taxa revised and new taxa described. New taxa of Aphidoidea are Hormaphididae: Hormaphis? longistigma Wegierek sp. nov.; Eriosomatidae: Eriosoma gratshevi Wegierek sp. nov. and Colopha? incognita Wegierek sp. nov.; Drepanosiphidae: Panfossilis anglicus Wegierek gen. et sp. nov. and Betulaphis kozlovi Wegierek sp. nov. Previously described Fulgoromorpha were revised and new taxa are described. The homonym Hastites Cockerell, 1922 (Cixiidae) preoccupied by Hastites Mayer-Eymar, 1883 is replaced by Catulliastites Szwedo nom. nov. for Catulliastites muiri (Cockerell) comb. nov. New taxa described are Cixiidae: Klugga gnawa Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Klugga regoa Szwedo sp. nov., Liwakka gelloa Szwedo gen et sp. nov., Delwa morikwa Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Kommanosyne wrikkua Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Kernastiridius nephlajeus Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Margaxius angosus Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Dweivera reikea Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Samaliverus bikkanus Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Komsitija tuberculata Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Langsmaniko marous Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Komnixta jarzembowskii Szwedo gen. et sp. nov. and Worodbera nimakka gen. et sp. nov.; Tropiduchidae: Reteotissus hooleyi Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Phatanako gen. nov. for Phatanako wilmattae (Cockerell) comb. nov., Senogaetulia kwalea Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Dakrutulia mikhailkozlovi Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Keriophettus atibenus Szwedo gen. et sp. nov. and Sognotela emeljanovi Szwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Issidae: Krundia korba Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Breukoscelis vadimgratshevi Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Breukoscelis phrikkosus Szwedo sp. nov. and Uphodato garwoterus Szwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Nogodinidae: Ambitaktoinae Szwedo subfam. nov., Ambitaktoa stoumma Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Phariberea gurdonika Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Wixskimoa torxsea Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., and Nadrimini trib. nov. with Niadrima yulei Szwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Lophopidae: Ankomwarius brodiei Szwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Ricaniidae: Ankwlanno bluga Szwedo gen. et sp. nov. Previously described Cicadomorpha were revised and new taxa are described: Cicadidae: Kintusamo boulardi Szwedo gen. et sp. nov; Aphrophoridae: Blenniphora Szwedo gen. nov. for Blenniphora woodwardi (Cockerell) comb. nov., Blenniphora skaka Szwedo sp. nov. and Blenniphora bikkanoa Szwedo sp. nov.; Luisphantyelus briwus Szwedo gen. et sp. nov., Natajephora lijanka Szwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Cercopidae: Berro enissuextaensis Szwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Cicadellidae: Mileewinae: Teniwitta andrewrossi Szwedo gen. et sp. nov. Formerly described true bugs (Heteroptera) are revised and several new taxa are described – Nepomorpha: Corixidae: Diacorixites szwedoi Popov gen. et sp. nov.; Cimicomorpha: Tingidae: Parasinalda wappleri Popov sp. nov., Viktorgolubia Popov gen. nov. for Viktorgolubia seposita (Cockerell) comb. nov.; Miridae: Gurnardinia herczeki Popov gen. et sp. nov.; Pentatomomorpha: Lygaeidae: Gurnardobayini Popov trib. nov., Gurnardobaya rossi Popov gen. et sp. nov.; Cydnidae: Eocenocydnus lisi Popov gen. et sp. nov.; Pentatomidae: Podopinites coloratus Popov gen. et sp. nov. and Podopinites acourti (Cockerell) comb. nov. An overview of the Late Eocene fauna of the Hemiptera is presented. Ecological and biogeographical patterns of the Hemiptera from the Isle of Wight deposits are discussed.

scholarly journals The proximate determinants of sex ratio in C. elegans populations

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHER D. CUTTER ◽  
LETICIA AVILÉS ◽  
SAMUEL WARD
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Male Reproductive Success ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Breeding System Evolution ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
Male Frequency

The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an example of a species in which self-fertilizing hermaphrodites predominate, but functional males continue to persist – allowing outcrossing to persevere at low levels. Hermaphrodites can produce male progeny as a consequence of sex chromosome non-disjunction or via outcrossing with males. Consequently, the genetics of sex determination coupled with the efficiency by which males find, inseminate and obtain fertilizations with hermaphrodites will influence the frequency at which males and outcrossing occurs in such populations. Behavioural and physiological traits with a heritable basis, as well as ecological characters, may influence male reproductive success and therefore sex ratio. Because sex ratio is tied to male reproductive success, sex ratio greatly affects outcrossing rates, patterns of genetic variation, and the ability of natural selection to act within populations. In this paper we explore the determinants of male frequency in C. elegans with a mathematical model and experimental data. We address the role of the genetic machinery of sex determination via sex chromosome non-disjunction on sex ratio and the influence of physiological components of C. elegans' life history that contribute to variation in sex ratio by way of male reproductive success. Finally, we discuss the short-term and long-term factors that are likely to affect sex ratio and breeding system evolution in species like C. elegans.

Marsupial Cytogenetics

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hayman
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Repeated Dna ◽  
Chromosome X ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Repeated Dna Sequences ◽  
Chromosome Mosaicism

This review includes a list of the chromosome numbers of marsupials and a summary of the main features of chromosome evolution in this group of mammals. Special topics discussed include sex chromosome mosaicism, the size of the marsupial X chromosome, X chromosomes and nucleolar organisers, complex sex chromosome systems, repeated DNA sequences and aspects of meiosis.

Sexual dimorphism in the claws of the European terrapin (Emys orbicularis): potential implications for the reproductive fitness of the species.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Alarcos ◽  
Jaime Madrigal-González ◽  
Miguel Lizana ◽  
Fabio Flechoso
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Males And Females

There are many biometric differences between the males and females of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) as regards their size, colouring, the shape of the plastron, tail, etc. The males use their claws to grasp the female during copulation and hence sexual selection should favour the males that have larger claws, which allow them to grasp the female better. Here, we address this type of sexual dimorphism in a comparative analysis of indices obtained from claw length, the length of the carapace and the locality where individuals were sampled. The results show that the curvature of the claws differs between the two sexes, being longer in males and increasing with age, size, and hence, the state of sexual maturity, than in females. Greater claw length could confer advantages for males when grasping the carapace of females, and hence, improve their reproductive fitness. Importance in the reproductive success that might have this feature in males could originate future studies that will relate the shape, thickness, length and other measures of the claws in males with their reproductive success in different populations, genetic variety, and most importantly, viability of populations. 

Ultrastructural analysis of the X1X2X3O sex chromosome system during the spermatogenesis of Tegenaria domestica (Arachnida)

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-422
Author(s):  
R. Benavente ◽  
R. Wettstein ◽  
M. Papa
Keyword(s):  
Synaptonemal Complex ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Dense Chromatin

An ultrastructural study was performed on the sex chromosomes (male X1X2X3O) during the spermatogenesis of Tegenaria domestica (Arachnida, Agelenidae). This study was carried out using random and serially cut sections. During pachytene and diplotene the three X chromosomes are longitudinally paired. Each of these consists of a central core of condensed chromatin, surrounded by a field of dense chromatin projections through which the chromosomes are in contact with one another. These projections may be responsible for the recognition and pairing of the sex chromosomes and in some way participate in their non-disjunction during anaphase I. A study of the structure and behaviour of the sex chromosomes during spermatogenesis is also presented. The available information on non-synaptonemal complex-mediated chromosome pairing and a systematization of sex chromosome structure in spiders are discussed.

scholarly journals Karyotype description and comparative analysis in Ringed Kingfisher and Green Kingfisher (Coraciiformes, Alcedinidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Tiago Marafiga Degrandi ◽  
Jean Carlo Pedroso de Oliveira ◽  
Amanda de Araújo Soares ◽  
Mario Angel Ledesma ◽  
Iris Hass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Karyotype Structure ◽  
Chromosome Fusions ◽  
Size And Morphology

Kingfishers comprise about 115 species of the family Alcedinidae, and are an interesting group for cytogenetic studies, for they are among birds with most heterogeneous karyotypes. However, cytogenetics knowledge in Kingfishers is extremely limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the karyotype structure of the Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryletorquata Linnaeus, 1766) and Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryleamericana Gmelin, 1788) and also compare them with related species in order to identify chromosomal rearrangements. The Ringed Kingfisher presented 2n = 84 and the Green Kingfisher had 2n = 94. The increase of the chromosome number in the Green Kingfisher possibly originated by centric fissions in macrochromosomes. In addition, karyotype comparisons in Alcedinidae show a heterogeneity in the size and morphology of macrochromosomes, and chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 76 to 132. Thus, it is possible chromosomal fissions in macrochromosomes resulted in the increase of the diploid number, whereas chromosome fusions have originated the karyotypes with low diploid number.

Meiotic chromosome structure: relationship between the synaptonemal complex and the chromatid cores

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1054-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Rufas ◽  
J. L. Santos ◽  
M. Diez ◽  
J. A. Suja
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Synaptonemal Complex ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structure Relationship ◽  
Surface Spread ◽  
Relationship Of

The development of silver-stained synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and of chromatid cores was analyzed in squashed and surface-spread grasshopper spermatocytes using light and electron microscopy, respectively. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of the two chromosome structures and then obtain more insight into the meiotic chromosome structure. Pachytene cells observed by light microscopy showed thin silver-stained threads, representing SCs, along the centre of the bivalents. However, fully formed SCs, and an axial element corresponding to the univalent sex chromosome, appeared when these cells were observed by electron microscopy. During early diplotene no silver-stained threads were observed by light microscopy. However, fragmentation of the SCs was apparent in cells at the same stage when observed by electron microscopy. Both light and electron microscopy showed that chromosome cores were first detected in homologues of late diplotene – early diakinesis cells. During diakinesis the cores were not continuous but were interrupted where interstitial chiasmata occur. In prometaphase I – metaphase I cells these cores appeared continuous and double, i.e., each chromatid clearly showed its own core. We propose a model whereby the associated cores of sister chromatids act as frameworks for the formation of the SC lateral elements.Key words: meiosis, chromosome structure, synaptonemal complex, chromatid core.

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