Hydration status of horses performing endurance exercise: II. Evidence for a role of dietary fibre type, not oil supplementation

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Spooner ◽  
B.D. Nielsen ◽  
H.C. Schott II ◽  
C.I. O'Connor-Robison ◽  
P.A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Chopped Grass

The equine large intestine has been suggested to serve as a water reservoir during prolonged exercise and may be influenced by dietary fibre source or length. At the same time, oil supplementation may result in performance and possibly hydration advantages. This study was designed to examine the effect of different fibre-based feeds, of similar particle size, on hydration status, with and without oil supplementation. Six two-year-old Arabian horses were randomly assigned to diets containing either chopped grass hay (G) or a 50:50 chopped grass hay: fibre-based chopped mix (GC) and either oil supplementation (approximately 5.7% crude fat in total diet) or no oil supplementation. Horses consumed each diet at least 21 d before completing a 60 km exercise test. Total body water, determined using deuterium oxide (D2O), was 66.1% of body mass and did not differ due to treatment. Horses consuming GC had greater (P<0.05) body mass at the start of exercise than those consuming G. Water consumption during the exercise test was greater in G than GC (P<0.01; 13.3±1.3 l, 10.9±1.3 l), as were packed cell volume (P<0.01; G 36.8±1.2%, GC 35.1±1.2%) and plasma aldosterone across all times (P<0.001; GC 0.79±0.11 pmol/l, G 1.48±0.11 pmol/l). The results suggest dietary fibre source may play a greater role in hydration status over 60 km distances than does oil supplementation. Core temperatures reported in this study were all similar to those reported in a previous study using a 50:50 long hay to chopped highly digestible fibre mix and lower than reported in previous studies using long stemmed hay or pasture suggesting the particle size or length of the fibre may have an influence and thus merit further investigation.

Hydration status of horses performing endurance exercise: I. Evidence for a role of diet

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Spooner ◽  
B.D. Nielsen ◽  
H.C. Schott II ◽  
C.I. O'Connor-Robison ◽  
P.A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Core Body

Water and electrolyte loss from endurance exercise results in physiological disturbances in the horse. The large intestine may serve as a water reservoir and help attenuate dehydration. Dietary constituents may affect the amount of water within the intestine and available for use. This study examined the hydration status of horses fed three common diets for 14 d then subjected to a 60 km exercise test. After an initial training period, horses were assigned to a replicated 3×3 Latin Square. Diets were grass hay (G), 50:50 grass hay:alfalfa hay (GA), and 50:50 grass hay:short-chopped, fibre-based, oil-supplemented mixed feed (GM). Total body water (TBW) tended to be higher (P<0.08) in horses consuming GA and GM than G (65.8±0.8, 65.4±0.8, and 63.9±0.8%, respectively). Body mass (BM) was not different at the start of the exercise test, but when corrected for faecal loss and water intake showed a trend for diet difference during exercise (P<0.08), decreasing more in GM than G (5.1±0.4% vs. 3.4±0.4%; GA 4.2±0.4%). Heart rate was not different except at the end of bout one (after 15 km) when GM was lower than G or GA (P<0.01). Core body temperature, although not different at the start of the exercise test bout, was lower (P<0.05) at the canter in GM. As the GM diet was higher in oil, the increase in oil intake may have been responsible for the differences observed. However, more likely, the higher TBW with the GM and GA diets at the initiation of exercise, associated with more readily fermentable fibre components, may have provided a greater ‘pool’ of available water for increased thermoregulation via sweating, allowing maintenance of a lower core body temperature during exercise at the expense of increased BM loss.

Total body water and its compartments are not affected by ingesting a moderate dose of caffeine in healthy young adult males

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analiza M. Silva ◽  
Pedro B. Júdice ◽  
Catarina N. Matias ◽  
Diana A. Santos ◽  
João P. Magalhães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Moderate Dose ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Total Body

Acute and chronic caffeine intakes have no impact on hydration status (R.J. Maughan and J. Griffin, J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 16(6): 411–420, 2003), although no research has been conducted to analyze the effects using dilution techniques on total-body water (TBW) and its compartments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a moderate dose of caffeine on TBW, extracellular water (ECW), and intracellular water (ICW) during a 4-day period in active males. Thirty men, nonsmokers and low caffeine users (<100 mg·day−1), aged 20–39 years, participated in this double-blind, randomized, crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: No. NCT01477294). The study included 2 conditions (5 mg·kg−1·day−1 of caffeine and placebo (malt-dextrin)) of 4 days each, with a 3-day washout period. TBW and ECW were assessed by deuterium oxide and sodium bromide dilution, respectively, whereas ICW was calculated as TBW minus ECW. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical activity (PA) was assessed by accelerometry and water intake was assessed by dietary records. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test main effects. No changes in TBW, ECW, or ICW and no interaction between the randomly assigned order of treatment and time were observed (p > 0.05). TBW, ECW, and ICW were unrelated to fat-free mass, water ingestion, and PA (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that a moderate caffeine dose, equivalent to approximately 5 espresso cups of coffee or 7 servings of tea, does not alter TBW and fluid distribution in healthy men, regardless of body composition, PA, or daily water ingestion.

Effect of hydration state on resistance exercise-induced endocrine markers of anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 816-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Judelson ◽  
Carl M. Maresh ◽  
Linda M. Yamamoto ◽  
Mark J. Farrell ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hydration State ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise

Hypohydration (decreased total body water) exacerbates the catabolic hormonal response to endurance exercise with unclear effects on anabolic hormones. Limited research exists that evaluates the effect of hypohydration on endocrine responses to resistance exercise; this work merits attention as the acute postexercise hormonal environment potently modulates resistance training adaptations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hydration state on the endocrine and metabolic responses to resistance exercise. Seven healthy resistance-trained men (age = 23 ± 4 yr, body mass = 87.8 ± 6.8 kg, body fat = 11.5 ± 5.2%) completed three identical resistance exercise bouts in different hydration states: euhydrated (EU), hypohydrated by ∼2.5% body mass (HY25), and hypohydrated by ∼5.0% body mass (HY50). Investigators manipulated hydration status via controlled water deprivation and exercise-heat stress. Cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, testosterone, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin, glucose, lactate, glycerol, and free fatty acids were measured during euhydrated rest, immediately preceding resistance exercise, immediately postexercise, and during 60 min of recovery. Body mass decreased 0.2 ± 0.4, 2.4 ± 0.4, and 4.8 ± 0.4% during EU, HY25, and HY50, respectively, supported by humoral and urinary changes that clearly indicated subjects achieved three distinct hydration states. Hypohydration significantly 1) increased circulating concentrations of cortisol and norepinephrine, 2) attenuated the testosterone response to exercise, and 3) altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These results suggest that hypohydration can modify the hormonal and metabolic response to resistance exercise, influencing the postexercise circulatory milieu.

Effect of reduced protein intake on endurance performance and water turnover during low intensity long duration exercise in Alaskan sled dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Pratt-Phillips ◽  
R. Olsen ◽  
R. Geor ◽  
A. Zirkle ◽  
A. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Test ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Total Body

Increased nutritional demands for endurance exercise of dogs are typically met through increased amounts of their current food. As a result, protein intake is also increased, and excessive nitrogen may affect the dog’s water balance. Sixteen unconditioned Alaskan sled dogs underwent a 6-week exercise training protocol, wherein 8 dogs were fed increasing amounts of their normal kibble to maintain body weight, while the other 8 were fed the same amount of kibble, with increasing calorie needs met by equal amounts of sugar and oil. The diets resulted in similar calorie intakes (181.3±20.0 and 205.7±36.3 kcal/kg0.75, for the control and low protein dogs respectively) but control dogs had higher protein intakes (32.2±0.0 and 19.4±2.4% of metabolic energy intake). After 6 weeks of training the dogs completed a 5 day exercise test in which they travelled 24 km per day, where total energy expenditure was determined using doubly-labelled water technique. Dogs expended an average of 1,491±264 kcal/day (145±25 kcal/kg0.75/day), with no difference between the dietary treatments and no negative performance indicators. Following the exercise test the dogs underwent a 24 hour dehydration test (water withheld) followed by an 8 hour rehydration test (with ad libitum water intake recorded) where total body water was determined using deuterium oxide. Blood and urinary samples were also collected. Following exercise conditioning, control dogs had higher serum urea nitrogen than low protein dogs, and this as well as albumin decreased further during the 5 day exercise test. Low-protein dogs had lower overall total body water and higher fractional excretion of Na+, suggesting some renal adaptation. These findings suggest that reduced protein intake did not negatively affect athletic performance, though some facets of body chemistry were altered.

Precise measurement of total body water using trace quantities of deuterium oxide

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Halliday ◽  
A. G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals Body mass index and waist circumference are better predictors of insulin resistance than total body fat percentage in middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese

Medicine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (39) ◽  
pp. e8126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiu-Hua Cheng ◽  
Yu-Chung Tsao ◽  
I-Shiang Tzeng ◽  
Hai-Hua Chuang ◽  
Wen-Cheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Increases in adipose and total body weight, but not in lean body mass, associated with subcutaneous administration of Sonic hedgehog-Ig fusion protein to mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline L. Martin ◽  
Joan Lane ◽  
Louise Pouliot ◽  
Malcolm Gains ◽  
Rudolph Stejskal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Total Body

Total body bone mineral and lean body mass by dual-photon absorptiometry

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mazess ◽  
Walter W. Peppler ◽  
Charles H. Chesnut ◽  
Wil B. Nelp ◽  
Stanton H. Cohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Bone Mineral ◽  
Body Bone

On the Nature of Hereditary Size Limitation

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
R. CUMMING ROBB
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Physical Significance ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Size Limitation ◽  
Similar Association ◽  
Total Body

1. Throughout post-natal life the relative weights of the pituitary body, thyroid, thymus and adrenals in the rabbit may be expressed by the equation y = axk + c. 2. A similar association is indicated in the rat for the weights of eyeballs, liver, pancreas, hypophysis, thyroid, adrenals, submaxillary glands, kidney and fresh skeleton (data from Donaldson, 1924). 3. In giant and pigmy rabbits, the ultimate proportions of body parts are not the same, but (for any given body weight) corresponding tissues in the two groups tend to exhibit an identical relation to total body mass. 4. The adrenals and testes of the Polish rabbits are relatively much larger than those of the Flemish. But in each case the growth of the adrenal approximates to a constant power function of body weight. Moreover, in these two groups and in their hybrids, the growth of the testes adheres to a simple association with adrenal weight identical for each. 5. These data suggest the generalisation that in a growing organism the magnitude of any part tends to be a specific function of the total body mass or of some portion so related to the whole. 6. These associations may be explained by surmising that each tissue is in equilibrium with the internal milieu with regard to the distribution of nutrient growth essentials; that in each case the equilibrium point would be determined by the nature of the cell and after differentiation would tend to remain constant; and that the relative enlargement of each tissue is limited by the excess of the equilibrium value over the katabolic expenditure. 7. According to the above hypothesis of organ growth, the equation y = axk + c may possess a physical significance. Eight types of growth relationships may thus exist, differing because of the apparent inactivity of one or more constants in this equation.

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