scholarly journals Survey evidence of members’ willingness to invest in agricultural hybrid cooperatives

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Alho
Keyword(s):  
Farm Size ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Agricultural Markets ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Organisational Structure ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Agricultural Producer ◽  
Firm Structures ◽  
Global Food

Agricultural producer organisations face tight competition in global food and agricultural markets. The opportunities for cooperatives to acquire growth capital are restricted to member contributions, which poses a financial handicap in competition against investor-owned firms. Innovative cooperative structures have emerged as a response to the competitive pressures. For many, gaining access to growth capital from investors has been the reason for departing from the traditional cooperative organisational structure. This study examined whether farmers, as members and owners of agricultural producer cooperatives, are willing to invest in cooperative growth. By using the members of two large Finnish meat producer cooperatives as a sample we were able to utilise the variability in investor-owned firm structures, in which the members have both direct and indirect ownership in two layers of the agricultural producer organisation. A questionnaire study was conducted, including a contingent rating task in which farmers stated the point in the hybrid organisation chain at which they preferred to invest. The results indicated that the majority of farmers were willing to invest and the tendency increased with farm size. The average investment sum is considerable relative to the current capital contribution of an average member. The most preferred form was traditional cooperative capital, while a comparison of investment alternatives suggested that farmers are not yet receptive to new transferable cooperative shares. Retaining control appears important to producers. Farmer commitment erodes when the firm is in financial difficulties. Less member capital is available to save the firm from a cash crisis compared to a scenario of investments improving competitiveness.

scholarly journals Subnational distribution of average farm size and smallholder contributions to global food production

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 124010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah H Samberg ◽  
James S Gerber ◽  
Navin Ramankutty ◽  
Mario Herrero ◽  
Paul C West
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Global Food

FARM STRUCTURE AND LAND CONCENTRATION – EVIDENCE FROM FRANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (4) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Tomasz Berbeka ◽  
Joseph Neuvellon
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Structure Change ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Agricultural Markets ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Farm Structure ◽  
General Statistical ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Agricultural Farm

The aim of the study was an attempt at evaluating the level of agricultural farm structure between 1970-2016 in France. The country is a major player on European agricultural markets and possesses significant farmland resources. The main purpose of the study was to determine the share and dynamics in selected area farm groups in the process of farm area changes. The number of farms between 1970-2016 decreased from 1.58 million to 0.46 million (over 1.12 million lost), while the area occupied by these farms decreased from 29.9 million ha to 27.8 million ha (over 2 million ha lost). At the same time, the average farm size increased from 18.8 to 60.9 ha. The share of farms by their number increased most significantly in area groups above 100 ha, while their share in utilized agricultural area increased less significantly. The highest decrease in farm number and occupied area was noted at farms of up to 50 ha. Moreover, the results of surveys conducted in 61 agricultural farms confirmed advanced land concentration processes in French agriculture. Significant pressure of land competition were noted among large farms. Due to general statistical data the dynamics of farm structure change may be classified as relatively high.

Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Naturalness in Speakers of Varying Gender Identities

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2054-2069
Author(s):  
Brandon Merritt ◽  
Tessa Bent
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Speech Training ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Speech Naturalness

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how speech naturalness relates to masculinity–femininity and gender identification (accuracy and reaction time) for cisgender male and female speakers as well as transmasculine and transfeminine speakers. Method Stimuli included spontaneous speech samples from 20 speakers who are transgender (10 transmasculine and 10 transfeminine) and 20 speakers who are cisgender (10 male and 10 female). Fifty-two listeners completed three tasks: a two-alternative forced-choice gender identification task, a speech naturalness rating task, and a masculinity/femininity rating task. Results Transfeminine and transmasculine speakers were rated as significantly less natural sounding than cisgender speakers. Speakers rated as less natural took longer to identify and were identified less accurately in the gender identification task; furthermore, they were rated as less prototypically masculine/feminine. Conclusions Perceptual speech naturalness for both transfeminine and transmasculine speakers is strongly associated with gender cues in spontaneous speech. Training to align a speaker's voice with their gender identity may concurrently improve perceptual speech naturalness. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12543158

Social representations of human rights violations: Further evidence

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Clémence ◽  
Thierry Devos ◽  
Willem Doise
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Individual Actions

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.

Shiftwork and diurnal type: A questionnaire study.

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Torsvall ◽  
Torbjorn Akerstedt
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Questionnaire Study

The Breadth-Based Adjective Rating Task (BART) as an indirect measure of self-esteem

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Karpinski ◽  
Brian Versek ◽  
Jennifer Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Indirect Measure

Analisis Perbandingan Manajemen Keuangan Ojek Online Dan Ojek Reguler Studi Kasus Kecamatan Duren Sawit Jakarta Timur

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
M. Koesmawan ◽  
Darwin Erhandy ◽  
Dede Dahlan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Savings And Loans ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Finances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Almost All

In order to meet the needs of living which consists of primary as well as secondary needs, human can work in either a formal or an informal job. One of the informal jobs that is became the subject of this research was to become an ojek driver. Ojek is a ranting motorcycle.  Revenue of ojek drivers, accordingly, should be well managed following the concept of financial management. This research was conducted for the driver of the online motorcycle drivers as well as the regular motorcycle drivers they are called “The Ojek”. Ojek’s location is in Kecamatan (subdistrict) Duren Sawit, East Jakarta with 70 drivers of ojeks. The online ojeks earn an average of Rp 100,000 per day, can save Rp 11,000 to 21,000 per day, while, the regular ojek has an average income per day slightly lower amounted to Rp 78,500, this kind of ojeks generally have other businesses and always record the outflow of theirs money. Both the online and regular ojeks feel a tight competition in getting passengers, but their income can help the family finances and both ojeks want a cooperative especially savings and loans, especially to overcome the urgent financial difficulties. Almost all rivers, do not dare to borrow money. They are afraid of can not refund the money as scheduled.

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