Root Formation, Root Growth and Root Morphology in Trifoliate Orange Budded with Satsuma Mandarin under Aerated and Stagnant Culture Solutions

Abstract Background Nitrogen-based nutrients are the main factors affecting rice growth and development. Root systems play an important role in helping plants to obtain nutrients from the soil. Root morphology and physiology are often closely related to above-ground plant organs performance. Therefore, it is important to understand the regulatory effects of nitrogen (N) on rice root growth to improve nitrogen use efficiency. Results In this study, changes in the rice root traits under low N (13.33 ppm), normal N (40 ppm) and high N (120 ppm) conditions were performed through root morphology analysis. These results show that, compared with normal N conditions, root growth is promoted under low N conditions, and inhibited under high N conditions. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the rice root response to low and high N conditions, comparative proteomics analysis was performed using a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based approach, and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were further characterized. Compared with normal N conditions, a total of 291 and 211 DAPs were identified under low and high N conditions, respectively. The abundance of proteins involved in cell differentiation, cell wall modification, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and protein synthesis was differentially altered, which was an important reason for changes in root morphology. Furthermore, although both low and high N can cause nitrogen stress, rice roots revealed obvious differences in adaptation to low and high N. Conclusions These results provide insights into global changes in the response of rice roots to nitrogen availability and may facilitate the development of rice cultivars with high nitrogen use efficiency through root-based genetic improvements.

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Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x75-024 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 171-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hugh E. Wilcox ◽

Ruth Ganmore-Neumann

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Root Systems ◽

Second Order ◽

Root Temperature ◽

First Order ◽

Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

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Lateral Root Priming Synergystically Arises from Root Growth and Auxin Transport Dynamics

10.1101/361709 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thea van den Berg ◽

Kirsten H. ten Tusscher

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Root Growth ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Root Formation ◽

Growth Dynamics ◽

Root Tip ◽

Cycle Duration ◽

Elongation Zone ◽

Lateral Root Formation ◽

Cell Cycle Duration

AbstractThe root system is a major determinant of plant fitness. Its capacity to supply the plant with sufficient water and nutrients strongly depends on root system architecture, which arises from the repeated branching off of lateral roots. A critical first step in lateral root formation is priming, which prepatterns sites competent of forming a lateral root. Priming is characterized by temporal oscillations in auxin, auxin signalling and gene expression in the root meristem, which through growth become transformed into a spatially repetitive pattern of competent sites. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of auxin synthesis, transport and perception for the amplitude of these oscillations and their chances of producing an actual competent site. Additionally, repeated lateral root cap apoptosis was demonstrated to be strongly correlated with repetitive lateral root priming. Intriguingly, no single mutation has been identified that fully abolishes lateral root formation, and thusfar the mechanism underlying oscillations has remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of auxin reflux loop properties combined with root growth dynamics on priming, using a computational approach. To this end we developed a novel multi-scale root model incorporating a realistic root tip architecture and reflux loop properties as well as root growth dynamics. Excitingly, in this model, repetitive auxin elevations automatically emerge. First, we show that root tip architecture and reflux loop properties result in an auxin loading zone at the start of the elongation zone, with preferential auxin loading in narrow vasculature cells. Second, we demonstrate how meristematic root growth dynamics causes regular alternations in the sizes of cells arriving at the elongation zone, which subsequently become amplified during cell expansion. These cell size differences translate into differences in cellular auxin loading potential. Combined, these properties result in temporal and spatial fluctuations in auxin levels in vasculature and pericycle cells. Our model predicts that temporal priming frequency predominantly depends on cell cycle duration, while cell cycle duration together with meristem size control lateral root spacing.

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Root Morphology of Eight Hybrid Oil Palms Under Iron (Fe) Toxicity

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) ◽

10.22146/ipas.11254 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 013

Author(s):

Aprilia Ike Nurmalasari ◽

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra ◽

Prapto Yudono

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Volume ◽

Oil Palms ◽

Fe Toxicity ◽

Root Growth Rate

The research aims to study the change of morphology root characters of eight hybrid oil palms under iron toxicity (Fe). Field experiment done in arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) two factors and three blocks as replications. The first factor was Fe concentration. It consists of two levels which are concentration 0µ.g-1 and concentration 600 µg.g-1 Fe. The second factor is the hybrid of oil palms which consists of eight hybrid oil palms as Yangambi, Avros, Langkat, PPKS 239, Simalungun, PPKS 718, PPKS 540 and Dumpy. Fe was applied by pouring FeSO4 solvent for 600 µg.g-1 500 ml.-1plant.-1day-1 on two months of plants after transplanting in the main nursery. Data were collected on root morphology and plant dry weight The data were analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significanly, followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). The relationships by among variables were determined by correlation analysis. The results showed that Fe concentration 600 µg.g-1 inhibits relatively root growth rate, narrows surface area, reduces the diameter, and shrinks root volume of all hybrid oil palms tested. The slowing relatively root growth rate, narrowing of root surface area and root diameter also root volume shrinkage due to Fe stress. It was also shown that the dry weight of plants was inhibit by existing of Fe toxicity.

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Mycorrhizal Effects on Growth and Root Morphology are Associated with Changes in Chlorophyll and Carbohydrates in Trifoliate Orange Seedlings

International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology ◽

10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.312.012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

pp. 99-104

Author(s):

Ge-Ge Chi ◽

Qiang-Sheng Wu

Keyword(s):

Root Morphology ◽

Trifoliate Orange

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Differences in seasonal expression of flowering genes between deciduous trifoliate orange and evergreen Satsuma mandarin

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpp021 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 921-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

F. Nishikawa ◽

T. Endo ◽

T. Shimada ◽

H. Fujii ◽

T. Shimizu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Flowering Genes ◽

Satsuma Mandarin

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Root Morphology and Secretion of two subtropical tree species to NH4+-N and NO3–-N Deposition

10.21203/rs.3.rs-65378/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rui Zhang ◽

Yi Wang ◽

Zhichun Zhou

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Tree Species ◽

Southern China ◽

N Deposition ◽

Fibrous Root ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Root Absorption ◽

Tap Root

Abstract Background: Both NH4+ and NO3– are capable of greatly influencing plants’ growth and biomass. However, the belowground responses of subtropical trees to either NH4+ or NO3– deposition remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss how these two forms of N deposition can affect root development, and experimentally analyzed how they could impact nitrogen and phosphorus absorption in two types (broadleaved with a fibrous root system vs. conifer with a tap root system) of subtropical tree species. Results: In a greenhouse in southern China, 1-year-old S. superba and P. massoniana seedlings grown on P-limited and P-normal soil were treated with NaNO3 and NH4Cl solutions of 0, 80, and 200 kg N ha–1 year–1, corresponding to the control, N80, and N200 groups, respectively. Root phenotype characteristics and metabolism ability were measured after 8 months of growth. The results showed that the root morphology and physiology variables differed significantly between the two species under different N and P treatments. Although S. superba had a larger quantity of roots than P. massoniana, both its root growth rate and root absorption were respectively lower and weaker. N addition differentially affected root growth and activity as follows: (1) NO3–-N80 and NH4+-N80 increased root growth and activity of the two species, but NH4+-N80 led to thicker roots in S. superba; (2) NO3–-N200 and NH4+-N200 had inhibitory effects on the roots of P. massoniana, for which NH4+-N200 led to thinner and longer roots and even the death of some roots; and (3) NH4+-N could promote metabolic activity in thicker roots (> 1.5 mm) and the NO3–-N was found to stimulate activity in thinner roots (0.5–1.5 mm) in the fibrous root system having a larger quantity of roots, namely S. superba. By contrast, NO3–-N and NH4+-N had an opposite influence upon functioning in the tap root system with a slender root, namely P. massoniana. Conclusion: We conclude P. massoniana has a much higher root absorption efficiency; however, nitrogen deposition is more beneficial to the root growth of S. superba.

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