An Axiomatic Model of Persuasion

Econometrica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 2081-2116
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Utility Functions ◽  
Information Structures ◽  
Representation Theorems ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Dynamic Inconsistency ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Contingent Choice

A sender ranks information structures knowing that a receiver processes the information before choosing an action affecting them both. The sender and receiver may differ in their utility functions and/or prior beliefs, yielding a model of dynamic inconsistency when they represent the same individual at two points in time. I take as primitive (i) a collection of preference orderings over all information structures, indexed by menus of acts (the sender's ex ante preferences for information), and (ii) a collection of correspondences over menus of acts, indexed by signals (the receiver's signal‐contingent choice(s) from menus). I provide axiomatic representation theorems characterizing the sender as a sophisticated planner and the receiver as a Bayesian information processor, and show that all parameters can be uniquely identified from the sender's preferences for information. I also establish a series of results characterizing common priors, common utility functions, and intuitive measures of disagreement for these parameters—all in terms of the sender's preferences for information.

scholarly journals Is everyone Bayes? On the testable implications of Bayesian Fundamentalism

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Speekenbrink ◽  
David R. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Utility Functions ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
Central Claim ◽  
Bayesian Rationality

AbstractA central claim of Jones & Love's (J&L's) article is that Bayesian Fundamentalism is empirically unconstrained. Unless constraints are placed on prior beliefs, likelihood, and utility functions, all behaviour – it is proposed – is consistent with Bayesian rationality. Although such claims are commonplace, their basis is rarely justified. We fill this gap by sketching a proof, and we discuss possible solutions that would make Bayesian approaches empirically interesting.

scholarly journals Radical interpretation and decision theory

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandi Hattiangadi ◽  
H. Orri Stefánsson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
David Lewis ◽  
Donald Davidson ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Representation Theorems ◽  
Radical Interpretation ◽  
Empirical Information ◽  
Radical Interpreter

AbstractThis paper takes issue with an influential interpretationist argument for physicalism about intentionality based on the possibility of radical interpretation. The interpretationist defends the physicalist thesis that the intentional truths supervene on the physical truths by arguing that it is possible for a radical interpreter, who knows all of the physical truths, to work out the intentional truths about what an arbitrary agent believes, desires, and means without recourse to any further empirical information. One of the most compelling arguments for the possibility of radical interpretation, associated most closely with David Lewis and Donald Davidson, gives a central role to decision theoretic representation theorems, which demonstrate that if an agent’s preferences satisfy certain constraints, it is possible to deduce probability and utility functions that represent her beliefs and desires. We argue that an interpretationist who wants to rely on existing representation theorems in defence of the possibility of radical interpretation faces a trilemma, each horn of which is incompatible with the possibility of radical interpretation.

scholarly journals To Invite or Not to Invite a Lobby, That Is the Question

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gregor
Keyword(s):  
Policy Maker ◽  
Action Space ◽  
Campaign Contributions ◽  
Information Structures ◽  
Prior Beliefs

AbstractWe study a game in which a lobby with verifiable private evidence discloses her evidence to a policy-maker if and only if she agrees to a transfer that is proposed by the policy-maker. This setting is motivated by the literature of pay-and-lobby politics, which finds that politicians schedule informative meetings with lobbyists on the basis of their campaign contributions. We admit both positive transfers (fees) and negative transfers (compensations), which implies not only that the policy-maker can commit to not listen but also that the lobby can commit to not talk. In a binary action space, we solve the game for all timings, prior beliefs, information structures, and valuation parameters. We identify the settings in which the policy-maker strategically discourages the lobby’s participation by announcing an unacceptable transfer. Whether ‘burying one’s head in the sand’ increases or decreases welfare depends on the degree of the policy-maker’s benevolence.

Ex ante coherence shifts

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Simon ◽  
Keith J. Holyoak
Keyword(s):  
Course Of Action ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Rational Reasoning

Abstract Cushman characterizes rationalization as the inverse of rational reasoning, but this distinction is psychologically questionable. Coherence-based reasoning highlights a subtler form of bidirectionality: By distorting task attributes to make one course of action appear superior to its rivals, a patina of rationality is bestowed on the choice. This mechanism drives choice and action, rather than just following in their wake.

Towards the Use of a Tree Branching Logic in the Environment of a Hospital Information System

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
J.-Ph. Berney ◽  
R. Baud ◽  
J.-R. Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Frame Selection ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Medical Language ◽  
Selection Systems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Man Machine Dialogue ◽  
Oriented System

It is well known that Frame Selection Systems (FFS) have proved both popular and effective in physician-machine and patient-machine dialogue. A formal algorithm for definition of a Frame Selection System for handling man-machine dialogue is presented here. Besides, it is shown how the natural medical language can be handled using the approach of a tree branching logic. This logic appears to be based upon ordered series of selections which enclose a syntactic structure. The external specifications are discussed with regard to convenience and efficiency. Knowing that all communication between the user and the application programmes is handled only by FSS software, FSS contributes to achieving modularity and, therefore, also maintainability in a transaction-oriented system with a large data base and concurrent accesses.

MODEL ELIMINACJI ZJAWISKA ZANIŻANIA CELÓW W PROCESIE BUDŻETOWANIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kluza
Keyword(s):  
Ex Ante

W trakcie procesu budżetowego występuje szereg nieefektywności, tym silniejszych, im większe jest dane przedsiębiorstwo. Jednym z powszechnych zjawisk jest ukrywanie przez pracowników informacji o faktycznych możliwościach rozwoju biznesu, aby negocjować jak najniższe poziomy celów do swych systemów motywacyjnych. Wpływa to bezpośrednio na spadek tempa rozwoju danej instytucji lub wzrost jej kosztów działania. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiony jest model systemu motywacyjnego, który zapobiega przyjmowaniu zaniżonych celów do budżetów. Jego istotą jest wprowadzenie do mechanizmu premiowania parametru ambitności, określanego ex ante na etapie zatwierdzania celów. Odpowiednie ukształtowanie parametrów macierzy współczynnika ambitności, realizacji planu oraz stawek wynagrodzenia zmiennego sprawia, iż najlepszą strategią dla pracownika jest zgłaszanie do budżetu celów zgodnych z jego faktycznymi możliwościami realizacji.

Development of Physics Game Learning Based on Android in The Chapter of Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
P Purwandari ◽  
Andista Candra Yusro ◽  
Endah Dwi Styani
Keyword(s):  
Vocational School ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Industrial Chemistry ◽  
Physics Learning ◽  
Analytical Skills ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Media

This research is a research development which aims to 1) Develop a Physics game learning based on Android that is feasible to be used as a learning media on physics subjects. 2) Knowing students' responses to physics game learning based on Android as learning media 3) Knowing that physics game learning based on Android as learning media can improve students' ability to analyze in the chapter of momentum, impulse, and collision. This research uses the ADDIE development model. This research has been tested by 3 media experts and 3 material experts with the results of the assessment stating that the media is feasible to be used as a medium for physics learning. The subjects of this research were 11 students in class X of Industrial Chemistry at the Vocational School of Gula Rajawali Madiun. The results of this research development indicate that: 1) media physics game learning based on android meets the feasibility standard to be used as a learning medium on physics subjects. 2) The learning media of Physics game learning based on Android gets a very good response from students. 3) Physics game learning based on Android as learning media can improve students' analytical skills in the chapter of momentum, impulses, and collisions with an average N-Gain of 0.54 which is in the medium category. 

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