The principle of greatest freedom

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-437
Author(s):  
Sylvain Battisti
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Principle Of Least Action ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Coherent Relationship

Elementary particles are the common capital of any being in the universe. However, a being is characterized by its behavior as well as its capital and the principle of least action shows the common behavior of partners that transfer energy. However, the concept of action does not apply to all transfers; what is the action when two men transfer words? Here we show that the “principle of greatest freedom” reveals the common behavior of any partner during nondestructive relationship that is to maximize the number of its accessible states, i.e., its freedom. It gives a common interpretation to quantum mechanics, to wave-particle duality and to relativity. It defines the coherent relationship, which explains why objects behave consistently according to laws and why they construct compound beings that evolve.

scholarly journals In the light of time

2009 ◽  
Vol 465 (2104) ◽  
pp. 1173-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petri Tuisku ◽  
Tuomas K Pernu ◽  
Arto Annila
Keyword(s):  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Energy Gradient ◽  
Principle Of Least Action ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
The Universe

The concept of time is examined using the second law of thermodynamics that was recently formulated as an equation of motion. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy, flows of energy diminish differences between energy densities that form space. The flow of energy is identified with the flow of time. The non-Euclidean energy landscape, i.e. the curved space–time, is in evolution when energy is flowing down along gradients and levelling the density differences. The flows along the steepest descents, i.e. geodesics are obtained from the principle of least action for mechanics, electrodynamics and quantum mechanics. The arrow of time, associated with the expansion of the Universe, identifies with grand dispersal of energy when high-energy densities transform by various mechanisms to lower densities in energy and eventually to ever-diluting electromagnetic radiation. Likewise, time in a quantum system takes an increment forwards in the detection-associated dissipative transformation when the stationary-state system begins to evolve pictured as the wave function collapse. The energy dispersal is understood to underlie causality so that an energy gradient is a cause and the resulting energy flow is an effect. The account on causality by the concepts of physics does not imply determinism; on the contrary, evolution of space–time as a causal chain of events is non-deterministic.

QUANTUM MECHANICS FROM A FLUCTUATION IN THE COSMOS

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 2965-2973 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAKOTO INABA
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Scalar Curvature ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Coarse Graining ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Random Motion ◽  
Least Action Principle ◽  
Least Action ◽  
The Universe

There is an indeterminable part from only the mass distribution in the general relativity. The part is regarded as a fluctuation from the Robertson–Walker geometry. An ensemble is given by a coarse graining of the fluctuation. The averaged least-action principle with respect to the ensemble yields a random motion of a particle in the universe. The random motion is equivalent to the traditional quantum mechanics. There is an additional potential proportional to scalar curvature in the present theory. The potential may be a representation of Mach's principle.

scholarly journals If quantum mechanics is the solution, what should the problem be?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Many Worlds ◽  
Interpretations Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Universal Law

The paper addresses the problem, which quantum mechanics resolves in fact. Its viewpoint suggests that the crucial link of time and its course is omitted in understanding the problem. The common interpretation underlain by the history of quantum mechanics sees discreteness only on the Plank scale, which is transformed into continuity and even smoothness on the macroscopic scale. That approach is fraught with a series of seeming paradoxes. It suggests that the present mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics is only partly relevant to its problem, which is ostensibly known. The paper accepts just the opposite: The mathematical solution is absolute relevant and serves as an axiomatic base, from which the real and yet hidden problem is deduced. Wave-particle duality, Hilbert space, both probabilistic and many-worlds interpretations of quantum mechanics, quantum information, and the Schrödinger equation are included in that base. The Schrödinger equation is understood as a generalization of the law of energy conservation to past, present, and future moments of time. The deduced real problem of quantum mechanics is: “What is the universal law describing the course of time in any physical change therefore including any mechanical motion?”

Physics: A Very Short Introduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Perkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Applied Physics ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Digital Electronics ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
The Universe

Physics, the fundamental science of matter and energy, encompasses all levels of nature from the sub-atomic to the cosmic, and underlies much of the technology around us. Physics: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of how this pervasive science came to be and how it works. It presents the theories and outcomes of pure and applied physics from ideas of the Greek natural philosophers to modern quantum mechanics, cosmology, digital electronics, and energy production. Considering its most consequential experiments, including recent results in elementary particles, gravitational waves, and materials science, it also discusses the effects of physics on society, culture, and humanity’s vision of its place in the universe.

scholarly journals On Hilbert's world-function

1927 ◽  
Vol 113 (765) ◽  
pp. 496-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Minimum Principle ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
General Relativity Theory ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Principle Of Least Action ◽  
The Universe ◽  
World Function

The well-known theorem that the motion of any conservative dynamical system can be determined from the “Principle of Least Action” or “Hamilton’s Principle” was carried over into General Relativity-Theory in 1915 by Hilbert, who showed that the field-equations of gravitation can be deduced very simply from a minimum-principle. Hilbert generalised his ideas into the assertion that all physical happenings (gravitational electrical, etc.) in the universe are determined by a scalar “world-function” H, being, in fact, such as to annul the variation of the integral ∫∫∫∫H√(−g)dx 0 dx 1 dx 2 dx 3 where ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) are the generalised co-ordinates which specify place and time, and g is (in the usual notation of the relativity-theory) the determinant of the gravitational potentials g v q , which specify the metric by means of the equation dx 2 = ∑ p, q g vq dx v dx q . In Hilbert’s work, the variation of the above integral was supposed to be due to small changes in the g vq 's and in the electromagnetic potentials, regarded as functions of x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 .

Early Ideas

Lightspeed ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
John C. H. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Light Beam ◽  
Laser Pointer ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Principle Of Least Action ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
Snell’S Law ◽  
Snell's Law ◽  
The Universe

Mankind’s early ideas about the speed of light, the Aether (supposed to fill the universe) and the instantaneous “action at a distance” theory, before the speed of light was first measured. Euclid’s work on optics, in which he used his theorems from geometry to explain what is seen, assuming that rays of vision were sent out by the eye. The discovery of refraction, explained by Snell’s law and its implications for the speed of light in the theories of Descartes and Fermat, and its importance in modern physics as a principle of least action. How the study of refraction, as when a light beam from a laser pointer bends on entering water, divided scientists for centuries into two groups, those who believed that light sped up on entering water and was a particle, and those who believed it slowed down and was a wave.

scholarly journals If quantum mechanics is the solution, what should the problem be?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Many Worlds ◽  
Interpretations Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Universal Law

The paper addresses the problem, which quantum mechanics resolves in fact. Its viewpoint suggests that the crucial link of time and its course is omitted in understanding the problem. The common interpretation underlain by the history of quantum mechanics sees discreteness only on the Plank scale, which is transformed into continuity and even smoothness on the macroscopic scale. That approach is fraught with a series of seeming paradoxes. It suggests that the present mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics is only partly relevant to its problem, which is ostensibly known. The paper accepts just the opposite: The mathematical solution is absolute relevant and serves as an axiomatic base, from which the real and yet hidden problem is deduced. Wave-particle duality, Hilbert space, both probabilistic and many-worlds interpretations of quantum mechanics, quantum information, and the Schrödinger equation are included in that base. The Schrödinger equation is understood as a generalization of the law of energy conservation to past, present, and future moments of time. The deduced real problem of quantum mechanics is: “What is the universal law describing the course of time in any physical change therefore including any mechanical motion?”

scholarly journals Cosmic Rays Report from the Structure of Space

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Annila
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Spectral Feature ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Principle Of Least Action ◽  
Dissipative Mechanism ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Electron Positron Pair

Spectrum of cosmic rays follows a broken power law over twelve orders of magnitude. Since ubiquitous power laws are manifestations of the principle of least action, we interpret the spectrum accordingly. Our analysis complies with understanding that low-energy particles originate mostly from rapidly receding sources throughout the cosmos. The flux peaks about proton rest energy whereafter it decreases because fewer and fewer receding sources are energetic enough to provide particles with high enough velocities to compensate for the recessional velocities. Above 1015.6 eV the flux from the expanding Universe diminishes below the flux from the nearby nonexpanding part of the Universe. In this spectral feature, known as the “knee,” we relate to a distance of about 1.3 Mpc where the gravitational potential tallies the energy density of free space. At higher energies particles decelerate in a dissipative manner to attain thermodynamic balance with the vacuum. At about 1017.2 eV a distinct dissipative mechanism opens up for protons to slow down by electron-positron pair production. At about 1019.6 eV a more effective mechanism opens up via pion production. All in all, the universal principle discloses that the broad spectrum of cosmic rays probes the structure of space from cosmic distances down to microscopic details.

Taking Inspiration from Astronomy for Visual and Verbal Projects

2014 ◽  
pp. 135-169
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

The chapter comprises projects about some basic concepts related to astrophysics presented in a visual, verbal, or both ways, for example in the form of comics. The reader is encouraged to envision particular events, processes, and products, and then transform the concepts into another level of understanding. Projects involve visualizing or describing the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy, and the energy of light as the electromagnetic wave. Themes for projects include the solar system, Kepler’s explanation of the forces acting on the solar system’s motion and planetary movement, creating frames for animation about the expansion of the universe, a travel to the sun’s center to explore nuclear fusion, examination of light and electromagnetic spectrum, elementary particles and quantum mechanics, and visualizing and designing one’s own household and its objects and appliances.

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