Liquid Products Characterization from Pyrolysis and Gasification

2015 ◽  
pp. 167-198
Author(s):  
Caio G. Sánchez ◽  
Renata Andrade Figueiredo ◽  
Flávio Augusto Bueno Figueiredo ◽  
Elisabete Maria Saraiva Sánchez ◽  
Jesús Arauzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquids ◽  
Chemical Groups

In this chapter there is described a tentative of obtain and characterize pyrolysis liquids from cashew nut shell, using a suggested classification of tars. The large amount of tar definitions and measurement methods, as well as the wide spectrum of organic compounds, makes it almost impossible to capture “tars” with a clear definition. And so, in order to facilitate the study of the evolution of liquid fraction composition, the compounds have been grouped according to their chemical nature, but differently from other works, it was extended the range of compounds in order to evaluate the influence of the reactor parameters in liquid fraction compositions. It is described, as well, the pyrolysis and gasification of cashew nut shell, that has been studied in a laboratory scale reactor. It was quantified and classified the production of liquids (tar) and evaluated the final temperature influence (800, 900 and 1000 °C) and the use of N2 in pyrolysis case, and a mixture of N2 and steam or air in the gasification case. Finally, it is described the identification and quantification of tar compositions, by CG-MS and CG-FID analyzes. Around 50 different compounds have been detected in the liquid fraction obtained, most of them being present at very low concentrations and it is observed that in the pyrolysis and gasification processes, phenol and benzene were the major chemical groups, and this fact agree with others works, presented here in a bibliographic revision.

Alpine vegetation of the Ivanovskiy, Prokhodnoy and Rossypnoy Ridges (Western Altai)

2015 ◽  
pp. 96-124
Author(s):  
E. G. Zibzeev ◽  
T. A. Nedovesova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Mountain Systems ◽  
Mountain Vegetation ◽  
Coenotic Diversity

The mountain systems are characterized by diverse ecological conditions (climate, geomorphological, soil, etc.). The wide spectrum of environmental conditions entails a rich diversity of plant communities growing on the small territory and determines the different flora and vegetation geneses. The uniqueness of floristic and coenotic diversities of the high-mountain vegetation of the south of Western Altai (Ivanovskiy, Prokhodnoi, and Rossypnoi Ranges) are associated with the effect of two climate-forcing factors such as the westerly humid air mass and dry warm airflow from the inner Kazakhstan regions. The paper summarizes the data on coenotic diversity (Zibzeev, 2010, 2012) and gives a syntaxonomic analysis of the high-mountain vege­tation in the Ivanovskii, Prokhodnoi, and Rossypnoi Ranges (Western Altai, Kazakhstan). The classification of plant communities was carried out using the Braun-Blanquet approach (Westhoff, van der Maarel, 1973). The relevés records were stored in the TURBOVEG database and classified by ­TWINSPAN (Hill 1979).

scholarly journals Application of a cashew-based oxime in extracting Ni, Mn and Co from aqueous solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi M. Phan ◽  
Son A. Hoang ◽  
Son H. Vu ◽  
Hoang M. Nguyen ◽  
Cuong V. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phase ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Acidic Solution ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Loaded Organic Phase ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Abstract Background Cashew nut shell is a by-product of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) production, which is abundant in many developing countries. Cashew nut shell liquor (CNSL) contains a functional chemical, cardanol, which can be converted into a hydroxyoxime. The hydroxyoximes are expensive reagents for metal extraction. Methods CNSL-based oxime was synthesized and used to extract Ni, Co, and Mn from aqueous solutions. The extraction potential was compared against a commercial extractant (LIX 860N). Results All metals were successfully extracted with pH0.5 between 4 and 6. The loaded organic phase was subsequently stripped with an acidic solution. The extraction efficiency and pH0.5 of the CNSL-based extractant were similar to a commercial phenol-oxime extractant. The metals were stripped from the loaded organic phase with a recovery rate of 95% at a pH of 1. Conclusions Cashew-based cardanol can be used to economically produce an oxime in a simple process. The naturally-based oxime has the economic potential to sustainably recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Graphic abstract

Particleboard from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubi C. Mary ◽  
Eby Thomas Thachil
Keyword(s):  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Kinetic and structural changes during gasification of cashew nut shell char particles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Nam Nguyen ◽  
Duy Anh Khuong ◽  
Thi Thu Ha Vu ◽  
Thi Nga Mai ◽  
Toshiki Tsubota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Rheological studies of SBS/EVA blends modified with bio-based cashew nut shell liquid

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432199040
Author(s):  
Isabela Pinto Ferreira ◽  
Alex da Silva Sirqueira ◽  
Taiane Andre dos Santos ◽  
Monica Feijo Naccache ◽  
Bluma Guenther Soares
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Creep Recovery ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Curve Fit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
S Model ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Research on bio-plasticizers is a topic of strategic interest in polymer blends. A bio-plasticizer, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), was studied in blends of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS). In the literature does not report the addition of plasticizers to SBS/EVA blend. Statistical analyses showed that there was a significant difference in mechanical properties (tension at break, hardness and elongation at break) vs. the unplasticized blend. The minimum CNSL concentration required for a statistical difference was 10 phr. The Carreau-Yasuda rheological model was used to obtain rheological parameters in these blends. The plasticizing influence of CNSL was confirmed by rheology. The effects of CNSL on creep and recovery were evaluated for the SBS/EBA blends. Burger´s model explained well SBS/EVA creep compliance. Moreover, its parameters (Newtonian dashpots and Hookean springs) were evaluated as a function of the CNSL concentrations. The bio-plasticizer concentration influenced significant correlations among the rheological creep-recovery tests, thus enabling a considerable increase in the elastic phase. Experimental creep-recovery data and curve fit were in good agreement.

Keys to the Trematoda. Volume II (ed. Jones, A., Bray, R. A. and Gibson, D. I.), pp. 768. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI Publishing), UK and The Natural History Museum, London, UK, 2005. ISBN 0 85199 587 X. £150.00.

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-154
Author(s):  
TOMÁš SCHOLZ
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Cabi Publishing ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau

Trematodes (flukes or digeneans) are by far the most abundant group of parasitic flatworms (Neodermata), and their importance for human and animal health is indisputable. In addition, they exhibit a variety of unique adaptations to parasitism and, probably most remarkably, possess extraordinarily complicated life-cycles. Classification of trematodes represents a very difficult task due to the huge number of existing species and variety of morphological forms, sites of infection within invertebrate and vertebrate hosts and ability to infect a wide spectrum of animals. Therefore, identification of any trematode may represent a problem even for an experienced specialist. This is the reason why I appreciated so much the publication of the first volume of the Keys to the Trematoda in 2002.

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