Analysis and Control of a Dynamical Model for HIV Infection With One or Two Inputs

2018 ◽  
pp. 357-381
Author(s):  
Lazaros Moysis ◽  
Ioannis Kafetzis ◽  
Marios Politis
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Control Systems Engineering ◽  
Single Input ◽  
Linear Differential ◽  
And Control ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear Systems

A dynamical model that describes the interaction between the HIV virus and the human immune system is presented. This model is used to investigate the effect of antiretroviral therapy, consisting of RTI and PI drugs, along with the result of undesired treatment interruption. Furthermore, the effect of both drugs can be combined into a single parameter that further simplifies the model into a single input system. The value of the drug inputs can be adjusted so that the system has the desired equilibrium. Drug administration can also be adjusted by a feedback control law, which although it linearizes the system, may have issues in its implementation. Furthermore, the system is linearized around the equilibrium, leading to a system of linear differential equations of first order that can be integrated into courses of control systems engineering, linear and nonlinear systems in higher education.

Analysis of a Dynamical Model for HIV Infection with One or Two Inputs

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazaros Moysis ◽  
Ioannis Kafetzis ◽  
Marios Politis
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Control Systems Engineering ◽  
Single Input ◽  
Linear Differential ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear Systems

A dynamical model that describes the interaction of the HIV virus and the immune system is presented. The effect of introducing antiretroviral therapy on the model, consisting of RTI and PI drugs is investigated, along with the result of undesired treatment interruption. Furthermore, the effect of both drugs can be combined into a single parameter that further simplifies the model into a single input system. Drug administration can be adjusted by feedback control, through monthly blood tests that measure the viral load. Furthermore, the system is linearized around the equilibrium, leading to a system of linear differential equations of first order that can be integrated into courses of control systems engineering, linear and nonlinear systems in higher education.

Adaptation and control circuits in bacterial chemotaxis

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1265-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A.J. Roberts ◽  
Antonis Papachristodoulou ◽  
Judith P. Armitage
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Bacterial Chemotaxis ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Swimming Pattern ◽  
Control Systems Engineering ◽  
Feedback Control Systems ◽  
Control Circuits ◽  
And Control

Bacteria are capable of sensing and responding to changes in their environment. One of the ways they do this is via chemotaxis, regulating swimming behaviour. The chemotaxis pathway senses chemoattractant gradients and uses a feedback loop to change the bacterial swimming pattern; this feedback loop differs in detail between species. In the present article, we summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in three species and how these pathways can be viewed and analysed through the ideas of feedback control systems engineering.

A SysML-Based Modeling Language for Mechatronic System Architecture

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruirui Chen ◽  
Yusheng Liu ◽  
Yue Cao ◽  
Jing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Modeling Language ◽  
Mechatronic Systems ◽  
Geometric Information ◽  
Automatic Reasoning ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Model Based Systems Engineering

Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is the mainstream methodology for the design of complex mechatronic systems. It emphasizes the application of the system architecture, which highly depends on a formalized modeling language. However, such modeling language is less researched in previous studies. This paper proposes a general modeling language for representing the system architecture, aiming for representing function, physical effect, geometric information and control behavior which the system should satisfy. It facilitates the communication of designers from different technological domains and supports a series of applications such as automatic reasoning, system simulation, etc. The language is illustrated and verified with a practical mechatronic device finally.

scholarly journals Identification of HIV virus in Najaf city, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4866-4871
Author(s):  
Thualfakar Hayder Hasan ◽  
Raad A. Al-Harmoosh ◽  
Huda Jameel Baker Al-khilkhali
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mucus Membrane ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Human Immune

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (ADIS) is a disease of the human immune system that results in a decline in the efficiency of the human immune system step by step to leave people exposed to many infections and tumours. It caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The first appeared of HIV in West Central Africa in the late 19th or early 20th century. The direct contact from personal mucus membrane or bloodstream and physical fluid (blood, vaginal semen fluid and breastfeeding milk) containing the virus is the unique viral transmission route. Out of 80 blood samples were taken from different areas of Najaf city, Iraq, for ages from 20 to 60 years (males and females) to the period from 1/1/2019 to 19/12/2019. The surface antigen of the HIV was detected by the ELISA technique and mini VIDAS by a virus-specific kit. Out of 80 different patients by physical examination infected with ADIS: HIV viruses were the most incidences with 12 isolates (15%) while, there were 66 isolates (82.5%) were belonged to other infections and two strains (2.5%) were negative to any viral infection.

scholarly journals Microgrid System Design Based on Model Based Systems Engineering: the Case Study in the Amazon Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Orellana Postigo ◽  
José Reinaldo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Engineering Effort ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Model Based Systems Engineering

Microgrid is a technically and economically viable opportunity to meet the demands of populations that, for various reasons, do not have access to electricity. The complexity of Smart Grid (SG) systems requires considerable engineering effort in the design process. Designing this type of complex system requires new approaches, methods, concepts and engineering tools. Where, requirements analysis plays a major role in better characterizing, understanding and specifying the domain of application that SG systems should solve. This work presents a systemic proposal based specifically on System Systems (SoS) which anticipates the formalization of requirements, aiming to understand, analyze and design SG within the scope of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). The definition of a microgrid from the SoS perspective is presented in order to provide a complete view of its life cycle. Requirements would be represented in an Objective Oriented  Requirements Engineering (GORE) approach, specifically using visual diagrams based on the Keep All  Objectives Satisfied (KAOS) method, where network operation and control will be formally represented. A case  study for small communities in the equatorial Amazon forest is used as a case study for the proposed method.

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