A Study on the Transportation Mode Choice Behaviour of Individuals With Different Socio-Economic Status

This chapter presents a study on the transportation mode choice behaviour of individuals with different socio-economic status. A previously developed system dynamics model has been adopted by differentiating the population mass into upper, middle, and lower classes. The simulation experiments with the model revealed that generally the upper class individuals would be more inclined to use a private car (PC) instead of public transportation (PT) when their tendency is compared to middle and lower class individuals. It was also observed that lower class individuals would be more willing to use PT instead of PC when their tendency is compared to middle and upper class individuals. As such, it would be difficult to encourage the upper class individuals to use PT instead of PC, and it would be successively easier to do so in the case of middle and lower class individuals. However, the results also indicated that under certain different circumstances, the upper class individuals would also prefer to go for PT, and the lower class ones could prefer to own and use PC instead of PT.

Artificial Neural Network for PWM Rectifier Direct Power Control and DC Voltage Control

In this chapter, a new technique has been proposed for reducing the harmonic content of a three-phase PWM rectifier connected to the networks with a unit power factor and also providing decoupled control of the active and reactive instantaneous power. This technique called direct power control (DPC) is based on artificial neural network (ANN) controller, without line voltage sensors. The control technique is based on well-known direct torque control (DTC) ideas for the induction motor, which is applied to eliminate the harmonic of the line current and compensate for the reactive power. The main idea of this control is based on active and reactive power control loops. The DC voltage capacitor is regulated by the ANN controller to keep it constant and also provides a stable active power exchange. The simulation results are very satisfactory in the terms of stability and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current and the unit power factor.

Automatic Voltage Regulator System Tuning Using Swarm Intelligence Techniques

The voltage regulator may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages in power systems. Voltage regulator may be designed as a simple “feed-forward” or may include “negative feedback” control loops. It may use an electronic components or electromechanical mechanism on the design. AVR is keeping constant output voltage of the generator in a specified range. The PID controller can used to provide the control requirements. This chapter discusses some modern techniques to get the best possible tuning controller parameters for automatic voltage regulator techniques such as particle swarm optimization, adaptive weight particle swarm optimization, adaptive acceleration coefficients, adaptive acceleration coefficients. Also, it presents a new adjustment modified adaptive acceleration coefficients and a discussion of the results of the all methods used. Simulation for comparison between the proposed methods and the obtained results are promising.

Design of Low Order Controllers for Decoupled MIMO Systems With Time Response Specifications

The design of a low order controller for decoupled MIMO systems is proposed. The main objective of this controller is to guarantee some closed loop time response performances such as the settling time and the overshoot. The controller parameters are obtained by resolving a non-convex optimization problem. In order to obtain an optimal solution, the use of a global optimization method is suggested. In this chapter, the proposed solution is the GGP method. The principle of this method consists of transforming a non-convex optimization problem to a convex one by some mathematical transformations. So as to accomplish the fixed goal, it is imperative to decouple the coupled MIMO systems. To approve the controllers' design method, the synthesis of fixed low order controller for decoupled TITO systems is presented firstly. Then, this design method is generalized in the case of MIMO systems. Simulation results and a comparison study between the presented approach and a PI controller are given in order to show the efficiency of the proposed controller. It is remarkable that the obtained solution meets the desired closed loop time specifications for each system output. It is also noted that by considering the proposed approach the user can fix the desired closed loop performances for each output independently.

Computational Model for the Study of Fontan Circulation

In this chapter, the design and development of a computational model of the cardiovascular system is presented for patients who have undergone the Fontan operation. The model has been built from a physiological basis, considering some of the mechanisms associated to the cardiovascular system of patients with univentricular heart disease. Thus, the model allows the prediction of some hemodynamic variables considering different physiopathological conditions. The original conditions of the model are changed in the Fontan procedure and these new dynamics force the hemodynamic behaviours of the different considered variables. The model has been proved considering the classic Fontan procedure and the techniques from the lateral tunnel and the extracardiac conduit. The results compiled knowledge of several cardiovascular surgeons with many years of experience in such interventions, and have been validated by using other authors' data. In this sense, the participation of a multidisciplinary team has been considered as a key factor for the development of this work.

A Novel Hyperchaotic System With Adaptive Control, Synchronization, and Circuit Simulation

This chapter announces a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic system having two positive Lyapunov exponents, a zero Lyapunov exponent, and a negative Lyapunov exponent. Since the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of the new hyperchaotic system is shown to be negative, it is a dissipative system. The phase portraits of the new hyperchaotic system are displayed with both two-dimensional and three-dimensional phase portraits. Next, the qualitative properties of the new hyperchaotic system are dealt with in detail. It is shown that the new hyperchaotic system has three unstable equilibrium points. Explicitly, it is shown that the equilibrium at the origin is a saddle-point, while the other two equilibrium points are saddle-focus equilibrium points. Thus, it is shown that all three equilibrium points of the new hyperchaotic system are unstable. Numerical simulations with MATLAB have been shown to validate and demonstrate all the new results derived in this chapter. Finally, a circuit design of the new hyperchaotic system is implemented in MultiSim to validate the theoretical model.

Loss of Excitation Protection of Medium Voltage Hydro Generators Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System

This chapter presents a new method for loss of excitation (LOE) faults detection in hydro-generators using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The investigations were done under a complete loss of excitation conditions, and a partial loss of excitation conditions in different generator loading conditions. In this chapter, four different techniques are discussed according to the type of inputs to the proposed ANFIS unit, the generator terminal impedance measurements (R and X) and the generator terminal voltage and phase current (Vtrms and Ia), the positive sequence components of the generator terminal voltage magnitude, phase current magnitude and angle (│V+ve│, │I+ve│ and ∟I+ve) in addition to the stator current 3rd harmonics components (magnitudes and angles). The proposed techniques' results are compared with each other and are compared with the conventional distance relay response in addition to other techniques. The promising obtained results show that the proposed technique is efficient.

A Decentralized Control Architecture to Achieve Synchronized Task Behaviors in Autonomous Cooperative Multi-Robot Systems

This chapter describes a method for designing decentralized simulation and control architecture for multiple robot systems based on the discrete event net models. Extended Petri nets are adopted as an effective tool to describe, design, and control cooperative behavior of multiple robots based on asynchronous, concurrent processes. By hierarchical decomposition of the net model of the overall system, global and local Petri net models are assigned to the upper level and the lower level controllers, respectively. For the lower level control, individual net models of robots are executed on separate local controllers. The unified net representation for cooperative control is also proposed. Overall control software is implemented and executed on a general hierarchical and distributed control architecture corresponding to the hardware structure of multiple robot systems.

Analysis and Control of a Dynamical Model for HIV Infection With One or Two Inputs

A dynamical model that describes the interaction between the HIV virus and the human immune system is presented. This model is used to investigate the effect of antiretroviral therapy, consisting of RTI and PI drugs, along with the result of undesired treatment interruption. Furthermore, the effect of both drugs can be combined into a single parameter that further simplifies the model into a single input system. The value of the drug inputs can be adjusted so that the system has the desired equilibrium. Drug administration can also be adjusted by a feedback control law, which although it linearizes the system, may have issues in its implementation. Furthermore, the system is linearized around the equilibrium, leading to a system of linear differential equations of first order that can be integrated into courses of control systems engineering, linear and nonlinear systems in higher education.

A Position Control With a Field Programmable Gate Array-Sun-Tracking System for Photovoltaic Panels

Photovoltaic system applications should operate under good conditions. The maximum power point depends on the sunlight angle on the panel surface. In this chapter, an induction motor (IM) controlled with a direct torque control (DTC) is used to control the photovoltaic panel position. The conventional DTC is chosen thanks to its capability to develop the maximum of torque when the motor is standstill. However, the DTC produces a torque with high ripples and it is suffer from the flux demagnetization phenomenon, especially at low speed. To overcome these problems, two DTC approaches are proposed in this chapter: (1) the DTC based on the fuzzy logic and (2) the DTC based on space vector modulation (SVM) and proportional integral (PI) controllers (DTC-SVM-PI). The suggested approaches are implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) Virtex 5 circuit in order to reduce the sampling period of the system and the delay in the control loop. The simulation and hardware implementation results demonstrate that the DTC-SVM-PI offers best the results in terms of ripples.