Role of Enzymes From Microbes in the Treatment of Recalcitrant From Industries

2018 ◽  
pp. 395-420
Author(s):  
Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Degradation Of Azo Dye

The limited availability of fresh water is a global crisis. The growing consumption of fresh water due to anthropogenic activities has taken its toll on available water resources. Unfortunately, water bodies are still used as sinks for waste water from domestic and industrial sources. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dye stuffs, produced because they are extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Bacterial degradation of azo dyes under certain environmental conditions has gained momentum as a method of treatment, as these are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and can be applied to wide range of such complex dyes. The enzymatic approach has attracted much interest with regard to degradation of azo dyes from wastewater. The oxido-reductive enzymes are responsible for generating highly reactive free radicals that undergo complex series of spontaneous cleavage reactions, due to the susceptibility of enzymes to inactivation in the presence of the other chemicals. The oxidoreductive enzymes, such as lignin peroxidase, laccases, tyrosinase, azoreductase, riboflavin reductive, polyphenol oxidase, and aminopyrine n-demethylase, have been mainly utilized in the bacterial degradation of azo dye. Along with the reductive enzymes, some investigators have demonstrated the involvement in some other enzymes, such as Lignin peroxides and other enzymes. This chapter reviews the importance of enzymes in dye degradation.

Role of Enzymes From Microbes in the Treatment of Recalcitrant From Industries

2021 ◽  
pp. 878-903
Author(s):  
Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Degradation Of Azo Dye

The limited availability of fresh water is a global crisis. The growing consumption of fresh water due to anthropogenic activities has taken its toll on available water resources. Unfortunately, water bodies are still used as sinks for waste water from domestic and industrial sources. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dye stuffs, produced because they are extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Bacterial degradation of azo dyes under certain environmental conditions has gained momentum as a method of treatment, as these are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and can be applied to wide range of such complex dyes. The enzymatic approach has attracted much interest with regard to degradation of azo dyes from wastewater. The oxido-reductive enzymes are responsible for generating highly reactive free radicals that undergo complex series of spontaneous cleavage reactions, due to the susceptibility of enzymes to inactivation in the presence of the other chemicals. The oxidoreductive enzymes, such as lignin peroxidase, laccases, tyrosinase, azoreductase, riboflavin reductive, polyphenol oxidase, and aminopyrine n-demethylase, have been mainly utilized in the bacterial degradation of azo dye. Along with the reductive enzymes, some investigators have demonstrated the involvement in some other enzymes, such as Lignin peroxides and other enzymes. This chapter reviews the importance of enzymes in dye degradation.

scholarly journals Phylogenetically diverse bacteria isolated from tattoo inks, an azo dye-rich environment, decoloize a wide range of azo dyes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Won Nho ◽  
Xue Wen Cui ◽  
Ohgew Kweon ◽  
Jinshan Jin ◽  
Huizhong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Methyl Red ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Optical Absorbance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
Tattoo Inks

Abstract Purpose: There has been an interest in the microbial azo dye degradation as an optional method for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastes. Tattoo ink is an extremely unique azo dye-rich environment, which never been explored in terms of microorganisms capable of degrading azo dyes. Previously, we isolated 81 phylogenetically diverse bacteria, belonging to 20 genera and 49 species, contaminated in tattoo inks. In this study, we investigated if these bacteria, which can survive in the azo dye-rich environment, have an ability to degrade azo dyes. Methods: We conducted a two-step azo dye degradation (or decolorization) assay. In step 1, a high-throughput degradability assay was done for 81 bacterial isolates using Methyl Red and Oragne II. In step 2, a further degradation assay was done for 10 selected bacteria with a representative of 11 azo dyes, including 3 commercial tattoo ink azo dyes. Degradation of azo dyes were calculated from measuring optical absorbance of souble dyes at specific wavelenths. Results: The initial high-throughput azo dye assay (step 1) showed that 79 isolates had a complete or partial degradation of azo dyes; >90% of Methyl Red and Orange II were degraded within 24 h, by 74 and 20 isolates, respectively. A further evaluation of azo dye degradability for 10 selected isolates in step 2 showed that the isolates, belonging to Bacillus , Brevibacillus , Paenibacillus , and Pseudomonas , exhibited an excellent decolorization ability for a wide range of azo dyes. Conclusions: This study showed that phylogenetically diverse bacteria, isolated from azo dye-rich tattoo inks, is able to degrade a diverse range of azo dyes, including 3 azo dyes used in commercial tattoo inks. Some of the strains would be good candidates for future studies to provide a systematic understanding of azo dye degradation mechanisms

scholarly journals Phylogenetically diverse bacteria isolated from tattoo inks, an azo dye-rich environment, decolorize a wide range of azo dyes

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Won Nho ◽  
Xuewen Cui ◽  
Ohgew Kweon ◽  
Jinshan Jin ◽  
Huizhong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Orange Ii ◽  
Methyl Red ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Optical Absorbance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tattoo Inks

Abstract Purpose There has been an interest in the microbial azo dye degradation as an optional method for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastes. Tattoo ink is an extremely unique azo dye-rich environment, which have never been explored in terms of microorganisms capable of degrading azo dyes. Previously, we isolated 81 phylogenetically diverse bacteria, belonging to 18 genera and 52 species, contaminated in tattoo inks. In this study, we investigated if these bacteria, which can survive in the azo dye-rich environment, have an ability to degrade azo dyes. Methods We conducted a two-step azo dye degradation (or decolorization) assay. In step 1, a high-throughput degradability assay was done for 79 bacterial isolates using Methyl Red and Orange II. In step 2, a further degradation assay was done for 10 selected bacteria with a representative of 11 azo dyes, including 3 commercial tattoo ink azo dyes. Degradation of azo dyes were calculated from measuring optical absorbance of soluble dyes at specific wavelengths. Results The initial high-throughput azo dye assay (step 1) showed that 79 isolates had a complete or partial degradation of azo dyes; > 90% of Methyl Red and Orange II were degraded within 24 h, by 74 and 20 isolates, respectively. A further evaluation of azo dye degradability for 10 selected isolates in step 2 showed that the isolates, belonging to Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas, exhibited an excellent decolorization ability for a wide range of azo dyes. Conclusions This study showed that phylogenetically diverse bacteria, isolated from azo dye-rich tattoo inks, is able to degrade a diverse range of azo dyes, including 3 azo dyes used in commercial tattoo inks. Some of the strains would be good candidates for future studies to provide a systematic understanding of azo dye degradation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Assessment of the ecological structure of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile on the northern coast of Lazio, Italy (central Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Valentina Gnisci ◽  
Selvaggia Cognetti de Martiis ◽  
Alessandro Belmonte ◽  
Carla Micheli ◽  
Viviana Piermattei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Fragmented Habitat ◽  
Ecological Structure ◽  
Wide Range

The ecological structure of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows was evaluated on the northern coast of Lazio, Italy (central Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean sea). This is an infra-littoral zone with a wide range of anthropogenic activities and high geo-morphological variability, which reflects heterogeneity in shoot density, leaf morphology and biomass in fragmented patches. Genetic variability in populations corresponds to the formation of 3 sub-clusters, in the diverse impacted zones (north, centre and south), being correlated to the geographical distance between sites. AMOVA estimated a high genetic variation showing 43.05% individual differences within populations with a marked differentiation among the populations (56.9%) indicated by Fst value (0.57). These results revealed the role of the genetic structure of seagrasses for determining selectivity of fragmented habitat, in response to natural drivers. They showed that site-specific self-recruitment is related to biodiversity capacity and to the geo-morphological characteristic of the coast.

Recent Advancement of Pyrazole Scaffold Based Neuroprotective Agents: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subham Das ◽  
Saleem Akbar ◽  
Bahar Ahmed ◽  
Rikeshwar Prasad Dewangan ◽  
Mohammad Kashif Iqubal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Structural Activity Relationship ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

: As a source of therapeutic agents, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds and their derivatives are still interesting and essential. Pyrazole, a five-member heteroaromatic ring with two nitrogen atoms, has a major impact on chemical industries as well as pharmaceutical industries. Due to its wide range of biological activities against various diseases, it has been identified as a biologically important heterocyclic scaffold. The treatment of neurological disorders has always been a difficult task. Therefore, identifying therapeutically effective molecules for neurological conditions remains an open challenge in biomedical research and development. For developing novel entities as neuroprotective agents, recently, pyrazole scaffold has attracted medicinal chemists worldwide. The major focus of research in this area is to discover novel molecules as neuroprotective agents with minimal adverse effects and better effectiveness in improving the neurological condition. This review mainly covers recent developments in the neuropharmacological role of pyrazole incorporated compounds, including their structural-activity relationship (SAR), which also further includes IC50 values (in mM as well as in μM), recent patents, and a brief history as neuroprotective agents.

Kinetic studies of photocatalytic degradation of an Azo dye by titania nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Goyal ◽  
Deepali Rastogi ◽  
Manjeet Jassal ◽  
Ashwini K. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Titania Nanoparticles ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Titania Nanoparticle ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Purpose Dyeing and printing are important steps in textile manufacturing. After the process completion, these dyes are released in the effluent. These dyes impart an unacceptable appearance but are also toxic to the soil and water bodies. The present research has been carried out to study the rate of photocatalytic degradation of an azo dye, namely, CI Direct Green 26, using titania nanoparticles under ultra violet (UV) irradiation as a function of temperature and time. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dyestuffs are produced and extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Titania nanoparticles have been found to successfully degrade these dyes in the presence of UV light. The purpose of the present paper was to study the photodegradation of azo dyes using titania nanoparticles at different temperatures and time periods. Design/methodology/approach Titania nanoparticle concentration of 0.1% (w/v) was dispersed in distilled water by sonication for 1 h in sonication bath. The of rate of degradation of Direct Green 26 dye in the titania nanoparticle dispersion, under UV-A exposure was studied at different temperatures ranging from 25°C to 65 °C for time periods ranging from 1 h to 6 h. Photocatalytic degradation tests were performed in a specially designed UV reactor chamber. Raman spectroscopy of Titania nanoparticles, dye and titania/dye mixture before and after UV exposure was carried out using Confocal Laser Dispersion Raman Microscope (Renishaw, UK) with 785 nm excitation laser. Findings Titanium dioxide is an efficient photocatalyst for decolourisation of direct dye. The photodegradation of the direct Green dye was found to follow the pseudo first-order reaction. The Arrhenius activation energy was found to be 24.8 kJ/mol with A value of 0.0013 for the photocatalytic degradation of the dye. Raman spectroscopy also confirmed the adsorption of dye on titania nanoparticle and its complete degradation on exposure to UV light. Practical implications This research highlights the application of titania nanoparticles for the effective degradation of dye in the effluent from textiles, clothing, paper and any kind of dyeing process. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dyestuffs are produced and extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Titania nanoparticles have been found to successfully degrade these dyes in the presence of UV light which can be very beneficial for the effluent treatment plants in textile and other industries. Originality/value Azo dyes are one of the harmful pollutants released in textile waste water. The degradation and removal of the coloured waste in the textile effluent is an important environmental concern and needs to be investigated. The research is one of the first to investigate and understand the mechanism of the degradation of an azo dye in the presence of titania nanoparticles by Raman spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Investigating degradation metabolites and underlying pathway of azo dye “Reactive Black 5” in bioaugmented floating treatment wetlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nain Tara ◽  
Mazhar Iqbal ◽  
Fazale Habib ◽  
Qaiser Mahmood Khan ◽  
Samina Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Treatment Wetlands ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Acinetobacter Junii ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Successful Removal ◽  
Floating Treatment Wetlands

Abstract The direct discharge of azo dyes and/or their metabolites into the environment may exert toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects on exposed fauna and flora. In this study, we analyzed the metabolites produced during the degradation of an azo dye namely Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in the bacterial augmented-floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), followed by the investigation of their underlying toxicity. To this end, a FTWs system was developed by using a common wetland plant Phragmites australis in the presence of three dye-degrading bacteria (Acinetobacter junii strain NT-15, Pseudomonas indoloxydans strain NT-38, and Rhodococcus sp. strain NT-39). We found that the FTW system effectively degraded RB5 into at least 20 different metabolites with the successful removal of color (95.5%) from the water. The fish toxicity assay revealed the non-toxic characteristics of the metabolites produced after dye degradation. Our study suggests that bacterially aided FTWs could be a suitable option for the successful degradation of azo dyes, and the results presented in this study may help improve the overall textile effluent clean-up processes.

scholarly journals Bacterial Degradation of Azo Dye Congo Red by Bacillus sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1529 ◽  
pp. 022048
Author(s):  
K Khairun ‘Aqilah Hanis ◽  
A R Muhammad Nasri ◽  
W K Wan Farahiyah ◽  
M Y Mohd Rabani
Keyword(s):  
Congo Red ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Degradation Of Azo Dye

scholarly journals Integrated Approach On Degaradtion Of Azo Dyes Using Laccase Enzyme And Nanoparticle With Its Interaction By In Silco Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajalakshmi Sridharan ◽  
Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy ◽  
Archana Murali.K ◽  
Revathy Rajagopal ◽  
Thirumal Kumar. D ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Laccase Enzyme ◽  
Silico Analysis

ABSTRACTAzo dyes, released by the textile industries causes severe damage to the environment and living organisms. The degradation of azo dyes is widely studied using enzymatic methods. Laccase, is a copper containing enzyme that degrades the azo dyes into less toxic compounds. In this work, Laccase enzyme produced by the alkaliphile Pseudomonas mendocina in the degradation of mixed azo dye showed 0.386 U/Ml activity at pH 8.5. Combination of enzymatic and green synthesised nanoparticle were used in the degradation mixed azo dye. Laccase used in the degradation of mixed azo dyes showed 58.46% in 72 hours while the photocatalytic degradation of mixed azo dyes showed 15.98%. The degradation of azo dyes using copper iodide nanoparticle resulted in 15.835% of mixed azo dye degradation. But it was noticed that combined method removed 62.35% of mixed azo dyes in 60 minutes. Interaction of laccase enzyme with azo dyes using in silico analysis predicted the binding energy of RR (−7.19 kcal/mol), RB (−8.57 kcal/mol) and RBL (−9.17 kcal/mol).

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