Investigation of Alcohol Consumption Determinants in Turkey With Multinomial Probit Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 134-161
Author(s):  
Ömer Alkan ◽  
İkram Yusuf Yarbaşı
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Multinomial Probit ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Key Variables

The main objective of this study is to determine key factors that may have a significant effect on alcohol consumption in Turkey. For this purpose, the cross-sectional data obtained from the Turkish Health Survey conducted in 2010 and 2012 by the Turkish Statistical Institute were analyzed through the multinomial probit model. Results revealed that several key variables were found to be a significant determinant of alcohol consumption, such as gender, age, education, marital status, income, general health status, tooth brushing frequency, situation of violence, fruit consumption frequency, tobacco use, exposure to tobacco smoke, and survey year. It is apparent that alcoholics need help to get rid of an addiction. Therefore, it would be inevitable for governments to intervene through national and international public health authorities. In particular, the ability of governments to design and implement comprehensive prevention strategies that combine the strengths of different policy approaches is critical to success.

scholarly journals Impact of Interaction Term between Education and Loan Size on Women’s Decision Making

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kausar Yasmeen ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim
Keyword(s):  
Probit Model ◽  
Multinomial Probit ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
Loan Size ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Female Clients

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the microfinance involvement of women’s household decision making.The cross sectional data for this study is collected by using questionnaires. Using random sampling, 744 households are selected from female clients of Khushhali Bank and National Rural Support Program in Bahawalpur Division, Pakistan. We used the multinomial Logit and multinomial Probit model. The results show the woman's borrowers are more empower than women no borrowers. The coefficient of the loan size increases woman's household making empowerment. This paper is intended to be a valuable contribution in term of socio- economic and political arena.

scholarly journals Fueling the Covid-19 pandemic: summer school holidays and incidence rates in German districts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Plümper ◽  
Eric Neumayer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Holiday Period ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities

AbstractBackgroundThe Robert-Koch-Institute reports that during the summer holiday period a foreign country is stated as the most likely place of infection for an average of 27 and a maximum of 49% of new SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany.MethodsCross-sectional study on observational data. In Germany, summer school holidays are coordinated between states and spread out over 13 weeks. Employing a dynamic model with district fixed effects, we analyze the association between these holidays and weekly incidence rates across 401 German districts.ResultsWe find effects of the holiday period of around 45% of the average district incidence rates in Germany during their respective final week of holidays and the 2 weeks after holidays end. Western states tend to experience stronger effects than Eastern states. We also find statistically significant interaction effects of school holidays with per capita taxable income and the share of foreign residents in a district’s population.ConclusionsOur results suggest that changed behavior during the holiday season accelerated the pandemic and made it considerably more difficult for public health authorities to contain the spread of the virus by means of contact tracing. Germany’s public health authorities did not prepare adequately for this acceleration.

scholarly journals Patient health engagement model: explaining citizens noncompliance and maladaptive behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Graffigna ◽  
S Barello ◽  
L Palamenghi ◽  
M Savarese ◽  
G Castellini
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Abstract Background At the end of February 2020 a new case was diagnosed with COVID-19 in north Italy, suddenly followed by new cases. Italian health authorities decided to enforce restrictive measures. Northern areas of Italy were identified as “red areas” to slow down the epidemic and its impact on the healthcare system. From this perspective, the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy constitutes a testing ground for the assessment of the ability of consumers to cope with this health risk. Methods A cross-sectional study on a representative sample of 1000 Italian citizens was conducted over the period 27 February- 5 March exploring the following hypotheses: 1) less engaged individuals are more concerned for the health emergency and feel more vulnerable; 2) less engaged have higher probability to develop negative attitudes and dysfunctional behaviors. Results only the 16% the interviewees presented a high level of engagement. Lower levels of engagement were measured in the southern parts of Italy (not yet touched by the epidemics at the time of data collection). People with lowers levels of engagement reported higher fears for the contagion and sense of vulnerability. Furthermore, they showed the lower levels of trust in the Public Health Authorities, in medical research and in vaccines. Finally, they appeared more dismissive in their preventive behaviors and more disorganized in the fruition of the healthcare services. Conclusions A psychological analysis of processes of attitudinal and role change in the direction of becoming more engaged in health prevention is worthy in order to forecast potential dysfunctional reactions to restrictive health prevention measures and to orient personalized education initiatives to consumers with different level of engagement. Key messages Profiling based on the levels of health engagement is important in order to plan more effective healthcare measures during epidemics. Targeted educational initiatives should take into account citizens' engagement profiles.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the national surveillance of Legionnaires’ disease in Norway, 2008-2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Wolff ◽  
Heidi Lange ◽  
Siri Feruglio ◽  
Line Vold ◽  
Emily MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Internal Validity ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Patient Registry ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
A Value ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Norwegian Patient

Abstract Background In Norway, Legionnaires’ disease is reportable upon clinical suspicion to public health authorities and mandatorily notifiable through the Norwegian surveillance system for communicable diseases (MSIS) for both clinicians and laboratories. In the summer of 2017, several European countries reported high notification rates for Legionnaires’ disease, which was not observed in Norway. We evaluated MSIS to assess if it meets its objectives of detecting cases and trends in incidence of Legionnaires’ disease.Methods We retrieved MSIS data from 2008 to 2017 and calculated timeliness as days from sampling to notification, and internal completeness for key variables as the proportion of observations with a value. Where possible, we assessed internal validity on the presence of a plausible value. To estimate external completeness and validity we linked MSIS with hospital reimbursement claims in the Norwegian Patient Registry. To assess acceptability and representativeness, we surveyed doctors in 39 hospitals on their units’ diagnostic and notification procedures, and their use of MSIS.Results There were 438 notified cases. Internal completeness and internal validity were high for key variables (≥95%). The median delay from sampling to notification was 4 days. There were 73 patients in MSIS only, 70 in the Norwegian Patient Registry only, and 351 in both registers. The external completeness of MSIS was 83% (95% CI 80-86%). For external validity, the positive predictive value of MSIS was 83% (95% CI 79-86%). Forty-seven respondents from 28 hospitals described testing procedures. These were inconsistent: 29 (62%) reported no systematic application of criteria for requesting legionella testing. Eighteen (38%) reported testing all patients with suspected pneumonia and a travel history. Thirty-one (66%) found the notification criteria clear.Conclusions Our results suggest that the surveillance in MSIS can detect incidence changes for Legionnaires’ disease over time, by place and person, but likely does not detect every case diagnosed in Norway. We recommend wider investigation of diagnostic procedures in order to improve representativeness and awareness of MSIS notification criteria among clinicians in order to improve acceptability of the surveillance. We also recommend a more comprehensive assessment of whether patients only registered in the Norwegian Patient Registry were true Legionnaires’ disease cases.

scholarly journals Barriers to and solutions for addressing insufficient professional interpreter use in primary healthcare

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne N. Jaeger ◽  
Nicole Pellaud ◽  
Bénédicte Laville ◽  
Pierre Klauser
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interpreter Use ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Professional Interpreter ◽  
Paediatric Primary Care

Abstract Background The aim of this nationwide study was to investigate barriers to adequate professional interpreter use and to describe existing initiatives and identify key factors for successful interpreter policies in primary care, using Switzerland as a case study. Methods Adult and paediatric primary care providers were invited to participate in an online cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. All accredited regional interpreter agencies were contacted first by email and, in the absence of a reply, by mail and then by phone. Local as well as the national health authorities were asked about existing policies. Results 599 primary care physicians participated. Among other reasons, physicians identified cumbersome organization (58.7%), absent financial coverage (53.7%) and lack of knowledge on how to arrange interpreter interventions (44%) as main barriers. The odds of organising professional interpreters were 6.6-times higher with full financial coverage. Some agencies confirmed difficulties providing professional interpreters for certain languages at a timely manner. Degrees of coverage of professional interpreter costs (full coverage to none) and organization varied between regions resulting in different levels of unmet needs. Conclusions Professional interpreter use can be improved through the following points: increase awareness and knowledge of primary care providers on interpreter use and organization, ensure financial coverage, as well as address organizational aspects. Examples of successful interventions exist.

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