Overview of Semantic Technologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Cregan
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Information Services ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Semantic Technologies ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Data Interoperability ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
The Core ◽  
Technical Material ◽  
Logical Semantics

Semantic technologies are a new wave of computing, using explicit representation of meaning to enable data interoperability and more powerful and flexible information services and transactions. At the core of semantic technologies are ontologies, which capture meaning explicitly and may be used to manipulate and reason over information via its semantics. Unlike traditional data schemas or models, ontologies are capable of representing far more complex relations, may be linked directly to the data they describe, and have a formal logical semantics, facilitating automated deductive reasoning. This chapter introduces the vision of semantic technologies, and provides an overview of the approach and the techniques developed to date. It provides both an executive summary and an orienting framework for reading more technical material.

scholarly journals Transdermal Evaporation Drug Delivery System: Concept to Commercial Products

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabinarayan Parhi ◽  
Suryakanta Swain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mechanism Of Inhibition ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Transdermal Route ◽  
Selection Of

Since two decades or so transdermal route established itself as better alternative to traditional oral route. This is possible due to continuous innovations in transdermal drug delivery (TDD), which not only enables researchers from academia and industry to successfully develop and launch many new pharmaceuticals but also allow to include new classes of drugs that can be developed into transdermal formulations. These successes are achieved due to the use of novel techniques based on either physical or chemical approaches. However, both of these techniques suffer due to their own disadvantages. Comparatively, a simple method of supersaturation to enhance drug permeation across skin has created a new wave of interest. Even though the application supersaturated principle in topical and TDD has been used from 1960s, but proper control of drug release and formation of stable supersaturated states has been the core of intense research in the last decade. Out of various methods used to get supersaturated system, evaporation method is considered as most efficient and practically feasible for TDD. Therefore, in this review concept of supersaturation, selection of solvent system and the mechanism of inhibition of crystallization are discussed. Application of evaporation systems in the development of transdermal formulations such as solutions, semisolids and metered dose therapeutic systems (MDTS) and the commercial evaporative systems are also discussed in this review.

Exploring voter alignments in Africa: core and swing voters in Ghana

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staffan I. Lindberg ◽  
Minion K. C. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Structural Factors ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
Transitional Democracies ◽  
Swing Voters ◽  
New Democracy ◽  
Candidate Performance

This article describes and analyses voter alignments in the new democracy of Ghana in two recent elections, 1996 and 2000. These elections are a part of the Fourth Republic that began with a ‘founding’ election in 1992, ushering Ghana into Africa's new wave of democratisation. First the size of the core voting population is established to be about 82% of the voting population, refuting the assumption that voting volatility in new and transitional democracies is always extremely high. A second conclusion is that core and swing voters cannot be distinguished by structural factors, whereas thirdly, the factors behind the party alignment of core voters are similar to Western patterns; primarily level of education, the rural-urban divide, income, and occupation. Finally, swing voters seem to be characterised by a conscious evaluation of government and candidate performance in a sign of relatively ‘mature’ democratic voting behaviour.

scholarly journals On the interplay between interpretation and reasoning in compelling fallacies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Picat ◽  
Salvador Mascarenhas
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Psychology Of Reasoning ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Illusory Inferences

We investigate the articulation between domain-general reasoning and interpretive processes in failures of deductive reasoning. We focus on illusory inferences from disjunction-like elements, a broad class of deductive fallacies studied in some detail over the past 15 years. These fallacies have received accounts grounded in reasoning processes, holding that human reasoning diverges from normative standards. A subset of these fallacies however can be analyzed differently: human reasoning is not to blame, instead the premises were interpreted in a non-obvious, yet perfectly predictable and reasonable way. Once we consider these interpretations, the apparent fallacious conclusion is no mistake at all. We give a two-factor account of these fallacies that incorporates both reasoning-based elements and interpretive elements, showing that they are not in real competition. We present novel experimental evidence in favor of our theory. Cognitive load such as induced by a dual-task design is known to hinder the interpretive mechanisms at the core of interpretation-based accounts of the fallacies of interest. In the first experiment of its kind using this paradigm with an inferential task instead of a simpler truth-value-judgment task, we found that the manipulation affected more strongly those illusions where our theory predicts that interpretive processes are at play. We conclude that the best way forward for the field to investigate the elusive line between reasoning and interpretation requires combining theories and methodologies from linguistic semantics and the psychology of reasoning.

Transformational Leadership for Academic Libraries in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1429-1439
Author(s):  
Violet E. Ikolo
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Academic Library ◽  
Information Services ◽  
Transformational Leaders ◽  
The Core ◽  
And Function ◽  
Core Role ◽  
Available Resources

The institutional environment confronting leaders of academic libraries has never been more complex and challenging in Nigeria. With advancement in technology, the core role, purpose, and function of the academic library has changed drastically. Newly emerging information services and capabilities frequently outstrip available resources. There is an increasing need for library leaders to provide articulate, strategic leadership that will not only motivate subordinates to be totally committed to their jobs but also ensure that the relevance of the services offered by the library remains above board. The focus of this chapter is to explore the current changes evident in academic libraries and identify the practices of transformational leaders. The chapter also focuses on three areas where transformational leadership can apply in academic libraries in Nigeria as well as suggestions on how the future transformational leaders in librarianship can be nurtured.

Virtual eXperience as a Mass Market Phenomenon

2020 ◽  
pp. 200-220
Author(s):  
Brett Leonard
Keyword(s):  
New Wave ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Independent Cinema ◽  
Virtual Experience ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Future ◽  
Multiple Media ◽  
Media Formats ◽  
Immersive Media

The focus of this chapter is twofold: How do we create immersive work that incorporates the best of our traditional media knowledge into this new realm? and How do we take new forms of immersive media to mass market? This chapter also covers the process of creating an innovative immersive new wave, independent cinema that incorporates a feature-length film done in multiple media formats with immersion at the core. Activating our own creative imaginations and unleashing participants and empowering them with this technology is the only positive route ahead into the future of immersive media.

Collaboration and Interoperability within a Virtual Enterprise Applied in a Mobile Maintenance Scenario

2014 ◽  
pp. 137-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Münch ◽  
Jan Hladik ◽  
Angelika Salmen ◽  
Werner Altmann ◽  
Robert Buchmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Virtual Enterprise ◽  
Virtual Enterprises ◽  
European Research ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Data Interoperability ◽  
The Core ◽  
Abstraction Layer ◽  
European Research Project ◽  
Process Interoperability

This chapter presents an infrastructure approach for virtual enterprises developed by the consortium of the European research project ComVantage and discusses its impact with respect to the mobile maintenance domain. The approach focuses on the core aspects of interoperability, which are data interoperability and process interoperability. Regarding the interorganisational access to enterprise data, the authors propose a semantic abstraction layer that is completely decentralised and therefore meets the key requirement of virtuality. The execution of business processes and workflows across organisational boundaries are addressed by the unique App Orchestration Concept.

scholarly journals Religious Education and Societal Development: The Nigerian Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Azuakor Paul Okwuchukwu
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
The Core ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Ideal Standards ◽  
The Ideal

The present writer is drawn to write on this topic based on the realization that the Nigerian society seems to be onethat is bereft of the practicalisation of the ideal standards of virtues. There is apparent lack of objective measures ofrightness and wrongness of actions, especially in the present dispensation, irrespective of the so much toutedreligiosity of Nigerians. A particular action is regarded (by implication and praxis) as right when performed bypersons of a particular religion, tribe and party affiliation, but as an abomination when performed by some otherpersons. This beats one’s imagination to the core, especially given the fact that the religio-tribal considerationsappear to be the major driving force. This paper is therefore interested in the contents of the religious education ofthe various major religious types and how these contents that are imbibed by their adherents aid or mar thedevelopment of the Nigerian society. It was discovered, through personal observations and through the tools ofanalytical and deductive reasoning via library research methodology, that certain aspects of certain religiousteachings have great positive impact on societal cohesion which leads to development in the Nigerian society whilesome others rather sow the seed of discord, injustice, hate and rancor that have led to killings, oppressions andupsurges that have characterized the Nigerian social space for decades on end and have drastically militated againstsocial development of Nigeria. Recommendations include: religious education must consider the virtue of justice, itmust adhere to the demands of rationality, it must be universalizable and not myopic, it must be dynamic, and it mustbe morally honest and must proceed from right conscience rather than a sick conscience.

scholarly journals Ontology-Driven Cultural Heritage Conservation: A Case of The Analects of Confucius

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Fengxiang Wang ◽  
Tong Wei ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Representation System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cultural Heritage Conservation ◽  
The Analects ◽  
Main Ideas

Confucianism, recognized as the belief system of Chinese, is one of the most important intangible cultural heritages of China. The main ideas of its founder, Confucius, are written in The Analects of Confucius. However, its scattered chapters and the obscurity of ancient Chinese have prevented many people from understanding it. In order to overcome this difficulty, it needs some modern ways to reveal the vague connotation of Confucianism. This paper aims to describe how to construct the Lunyu ontology in which all concepts are abstract within the core scope, i.e., morality of Confucianism. The key task of this project lies in identifying essential characteristics, a notion that is compliant with the ISO principles on Terminology (ISO 1087 and 704), according to which a concept is defined as a combination of essential characteristics. This paper proposed an approach in the practice of identifying essential characteristics of abstract concepts from different meanings of its Chinese terms in The Analects of Confucius. With this work, Lunyu ontology established a semantic, formal, and explicit representation system for concepts of Confucianism, and the new proposed approach provides a useful reference for other researchers.

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