E-Government in the Information Society

Encyclopedia of Digital Government ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-789-8.ch083 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 542-547 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. W. Zacher

Keyword(s):

Information Society ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

Electronic Devices

The information society (IS), which nowadays is the emerging form of the organization of advanced societies (see e.g., Castells, 1996; May, 2002; Zacher, 2000a, 2000b), is governed more and more by the use of electronic devices and systems. That is why the concept of e-government was introduced and practically implemented. (For a historical perspective, see the article on Historical Perspective of E-Government).

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Data Processing and Information Classification: An In-Memory Approach

10.20944/preprints202002.0294.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Milena Andrighetti ◽

Giovanna Turvani ◽

Giulia Santoro ◽

Marco Vacca ◽

Andrea Marchesin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information Society ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Cmos Technology ◽

Hardware Accelerator ◽

Huge Amount ◽

Memory Wall ◽

Information Classification ◽

Enormous Amount ◽

Many Sources ◽

Problem Data

To live in the information society means to be surrounded by billions of electronic devices full of sensors that constantly acquire data. This enormous amount of data must be processed and classified. A solution commonly adopted is to send these data to server farms to be remotely elaborated. The drawback is a huge battery drain due to high amount of information that must be exchanged. To compensate this problem data must be processed locally, near the sensor itself. But this solution requires huge computational capabilities. While microprocessors, even mobile ones, nowadays have enough computational power, their performance are severely limited by the Memory Wall problem. Memories are too slow, so microprocessors cannot fetch enough data from them, greatly limiting their performance. A solution is the Processing-In-Memory (PIM) approach. New memories are designed that are able to elaborate data inside them eliminating the Memory Wall problem. In this work we present an example of such system, using as a case of study the Bitmap Indexing algorithm. Such algorithm is used to classify data coming from many sources in parallel. We propose an hardware accelerator designed around the Processing-In-Memory approach, that is capable of implementing this algorithm and that can also be reconfigured to do other tasks or to work as standard memory. The architecture has been synthesized using CMOS technology. The results that we have obtained highlights that, not only it is possible to process and classify huge amount of data locally, but also that it is possible to obtain this result with a very low power consumption.

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Relations between Electronics, Artificial Intelligence and Information Society through Information Society Rules

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10040514 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 514

Author(s):

Matjaž Gams ◽

Tine Kolenik

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Information Society ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Human Capabilities ◽

Human Skills ◽

Programming Software ◽

Production Prices ◽

Modest Level ◽

Do So

This paper presents relations between information society (IS), electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) mainly through twenty-four IS laws. The laws not only make up a novel collection, currently non-existing in the literature, but they also highlight the core boosting mechanism for the progress of what is called the information society and AI. The laws mainly describe the exponential growth in a particular field, be it the processing, storage or transmission capabilities of electronic devices. Other rules describe the relations to production prices and human interaction. Overall, the IS laws illustrate the most recent and most vibrant part of human history based on the unprecedented growth of device capabilities spurred by human innovation and ingenuity. Although there are signs of stalling, at the same time there are still many ways to prolong the fascinating progress of electronics that stimulates the field of artificial intelligence. There are constant leaps in new areas, such as the perception of real-world signals, where AI is already occasionally exceeding human capabilities and will do so even more in the future. In some areas where AI is presumed to be incapable of performing even at a modest level, such as the production of art or programming software, AI is making progress that can sometimes reflect true human skills. Maybe it is time for AI to boost the progress of electronics in return.

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Data Processing and Information Classification—An In-Memory Approach

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20061681 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1681 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milena Andrighetti ◽

Giovanna Turvani ◽

Giulia Santoro ◽

Marco Vacca ◽

Andrea Marchesin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information Society ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Cmos Technology ◽

Hardware Accelerator ◽

Huge Amount ◽

Memory Wall ◽

Information Classification ◽

Enormous Amount ◽

Many Sources ◽

Problem Data

To live in the information society means to be surrounded by billions of electronic devices full of sensors that constantly acquire data. This enormous amount of data must be processed and classified. A solution commonly adopted is to send these data to server farms to be remotely elaborated. The drawback is a huge battery drain due to high amount of information that must be exchanged. To compensate this problem data must be processed locally, near the sensor itself. But this solution requires huge computational capabilities. While microprocessors, even mobile ones, nowadays have enough computational power, their performance are severely limited by the Memory Wall problem. Memories are too slow, so microprocessors cannot fetch enough data from them, greatly limiting their performance. A solution is the Processing-In-Memory (PIM) approach. New memories are designed that can elaborate data inside them eliminating the Memory Wall problem. In this work we present an example of such a system, using as a case of study the Bitmap Indexing algorithm. Such algorithm is used to classify data coming from many sources in parallel. We propose a hardware accelerator designed around the Processing-In-Memory approach, that is capable of implementing this algorithm and that can also be reconfigured to do other tasks or to work as standard memory. The architecture has been synthesized using CMOS technology. The results that we have obtained highlights that, not only it is possible to process and classify huge amount of data locally, but also that it is possible to obtain this result with a very low power consumption.

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Legal Status of Telemedicine in the Internal Market

European Journal of Health Law ◽

10.1163/15718093-12341414 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 231-247

Author(s):

Grzegorz Glanowski

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

Information Society ◽

Legal Status ◽

Medical Service ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Legal Framework ◽

The European Union ◽

Freedom Of Movement ◽

The Relationship ◽

Normative Status

Health services enjoy freedom of movement within the European Union (eu). This freedom also applies to information society services (iss). This article presents a legal framework within which it is possible to provide qualifying health services with the help of information and telecommunications technology (ict) as iss. Due to the ambiguity of eu regulation, the problem regarding how to determine whether a particular medical service corresponds to favourable structural iss conditions is considered. Since telemedicine makes a wide application of electronic devices possible, a new element appears in the relationship between physicians and their patients. Therefore, using electronic devices may cause numerous doubts regarding the normative status of these devices, since they modify the physician’s responsibility and affect the scope of his duty with regard to information. At the same time, the complexity of functional elements (actions) necessary to provide health services using ict can, in some cases, prevent them from being recognised as iss.

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Atom-probe analysis of the solid-liquid interface

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100139755 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 676-677

Author(s):

J.A. Panitz

Keyword(s):

Molecular Level ◽

Selective Adsorption ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Atom Probe ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Hostile Environment ◽

Solid Interface ◽

Solid Liquid Interface ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Chemically Selective

The first few atomic layers of a solid can form a barrier between its interior and an often hostile environment. Although adsorption at the vacuum-solid interface has been studied in great detail, little is known about adsorption at the liquid-solid interface. Adsorption at a liquid-solid interface is of intrinsic interest, and is of technological importance because it provides a way to coat a surface with monolayer or multilayer structures. A pinhole free monolayer (with a reasonable dielectric constant) could lead to the development of nanoscale capacitors with unique characteristics and lithographic resists that surpass the resolution of their conventional counterparts. Chemically selective adsorption is of particular interest because it can be used to passivate a surface from external modification or change the wear and the lubrication properties of a surface to reflect new and useful properties. Immunochemical adsorption could be used to fabricate novel molecular electronic devices or to construct small, “smart”, unobtrusive sensors with the potential to detect a wide variety of preselected species at the molecular level. These might include a particular carcinogen in the environment, a specific type of explosive, a chemical agent, a virus, or even a tumor in the human body.

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Study of dislocation loops in Arsenic-Rich as-grown GaAs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100126548 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 350-351

Author(s):

Byung-Teak Lee

Keyword(s):

Point Defects ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Arsenic Concentration ◽

Stoichiometric Compound ◽

Dislocation Loops ◽

Gaas Crystal ◽

Ion Milling ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Arsenic Source ◽

High Arsenic

Grown-in dislocations in GaAs have been a major obstacle in utilizing this material for the potential electronic devices. Although it has been proposed in many reports that supersaturation of point defects can generate dislocation loops in growing crystals and can be a main formation mechanism of grown-in dislocations, there are very few reports on either the observation or the structural analysis of the stoichiometry-generated loops. In this work, dislocation loops in an arsenic-rich GaAs crystal have been studied by transmission electron microscopy.The single crystal with high arsenic concentration was grown using the Horizontal Bridgman method. The arsenic source temperature during the crystal growth was about 630°C whereas 617±1°C is normally believed to be optimum one to grow a stoichiometric compound. Samples with various orientations were prepared either by chemical thinning or ion milling and examined in both a JEOL JEM 200CX and a Siemens Elmiskop 102.

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