Mapping Policies to Web Rules

2010 ◽  
pp. 564-595
Author(s):  
Nima Kaviani ◽  
Dragan Gasevic ◽  
Marek Hatala
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Business Rules ◽  
Policy Language ◽  
Policy Languages ◽  
Autonomous Computing ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rule Languages ◽  
Internal Code

Web rule languages have recently emerged to enable different parties with different business rules and policy languages to exchange their rules and policies. Describing the concepts of a domain through using vocabularies is another feature supported by Web rule languages. Combination of these two properties makes web rule languages appropriate mediums to make a hybrid representation of both context and rules of a policy-aware system. On the other hand, policies in the domain of autonomous computing are enablers to dynamically regulate the behaviour of a system without any need to interfere with the internal code of the system. Knowing that policies are also defined through rules and facts, Web rules and policy languages come to a point of agreement, where policies can be defined through using web rules. This chapter focuses on analyzing some of the most known policy languages (especially, KAoS policy language) and describes the mappings from the concepts for KAoS policy language to those of REWERSE Rule Markup Language (R2ML), one of the two proposals to Web rule languages.

Mapping Policies to Web Rules

2011 ◽  
pp. 2175-2205
Author(s):  
Nima Kaviani ◽  
Dragan Gaševic ◽  
Marek Hatala
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Business Rules ◽  
Policy Language ◽  
Policy Languages ◽  
Autonomous Computing ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rule Languages ◽  
Internal Code

Web rule languages have recently emerged to enable different parties with different business rules and policy languages to exchange their rules and policies. Describing the concepts of a domain through using vocabularies is another feature supported by Web rule languages. Combination of these two properties makes web rule languages appropriate mediums to make a hybrid representation of both context and rules of a policy-aware system. On the other hand, policies in the domain of autonomous computing are enablers to dynamically regulate the behaviour of a system without any need to interfere with the internal code of the system. Knowing that policies are also defined through rules and facts, Web rules and policy languages come to a point of agreement, where policies can be defined through using web rules. This chapter focuses on analyzing some of the most known policy languages (especially, KAoS policy language) and describes the mappings from the concepts for KAoS policy language to those of REWERSE Rule Markup Language (R2ML), one of the two proposals to Web rule languages.

scholarly journals Black Market – Financial Crimes Committed for Personal Purposes

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Jan Miłosz
Keyword(s):  
Black Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Market Game ◽  
Planned Economy ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Centrally Planned Economy ◽  
The One ◽  
Unsatisfied Demand

Abstract In socialist Poland, in the reality of centrally planned economy, average citizens experienced chronic deficits of basic commodities. Although the intensity of the problem varied, at no time could one say that the official market fully satisfied the demand for basic or luxurious goods sought by citizens. On the one hand, the market was steered manually, prices were set and kept on the same level for many years, and the volume of production and its cost was centrally planned, but on the other hand, salaries in national companies were raised, which resulted in unsatisfied demand for the goods that the official market lacked. How, then, did average citizens deal with these problems? How, by committing more or less serious financial crimes, did they become players in the black market game, the stake of which was satisfying their own needs? This article attempts at describing the situation in this specific market in various periods of socialist Poland. It also tries to demonstrate which products were the most desirable and most often sold in the black market. Most citizens of socialist Poland, knowing that their behavior is against the law, limited their participation in the black market to purchasing or selling the most urgently needed products.

Therapeutic semi-safe space in group analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Berman
Keyword(s):  
Group Psychotherapy ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Interaction ◽  
Safe Space ◽  
Potential Space ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Interpersonal Environment

People come to group analysis knowing that the group is not completely safe. They choose to join an unknown, and in many respects unpredictable and challenging, interpersonal environment. ‘Semi-Safe space’ in group analysis is a co-created, basically safe and mutually accepted infrastructure, with the mutually recognized challenge of being and communicating in an unexpected and not fully protected environment. The group’s semi-safe space represents one of the main advantages of group psychotherapy if handled professionally. Group analysis is a potential space in which minds may be created and develop through mutual interaction, which is sometimes inevitably turbulent and experienced as unsafe. On the other hand, excessive ‘unsafety’ might destroy the boundaries of the psychotherapeutic domain and become harmful or even traumatic. It is the conductor’s crucial responsibility to create initial safety in the group. He can contribute to the participants’ sense of safety by exercising some authority in stating those boundaries and opposing any deviation from them. This contract is based on reciprocity and exchange: protecting the safety of one participant in the group is equivalent to protecting the safety of the others. Mutual risk-taking produces safety while its lack intensifies doubt and fear.

scholarly journals The Politics of Law in the Madrid Protocol Ratification in the Form of President Regulation Related to Trademark Registration

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
Demson Tiopan ◽  
Shelly Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Online Platform ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Trademark Registration ◽  
Business Entities

The implementation of Madrid System in Indonesia since the 1st January in 2018 is expected to have a positive impact in terms of international trademark registration to allow and protect entrepreneurial entities, from individual, legal, and business entities to compete globally.On the other hand, trademark registration originated from Indonesia using the Madrid Protocol Systemto other countries is still considerably minimal compared to trademark registration from other countries to Indonesia. There are issues point out in this writing, specifically to describe the politics of law in the ratification of Protocol related to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Trademark Registration, 1989 and also obstacle adhere after the ratification of the Madrid Protocol in the registration of international trademarks in Indonesia. Result of this study is that the ratification of Protocol related to the Madrid Agreement regarding International Trademark Registration, 1989 conducted by Indonesian government through Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation No. 92 in 2017 regarding ratification of Protocol Related to the Madrid Agreement Regarding International Trademark Registration, 1989 contained in State Gazette No.212 in 2017 is already appropriate. However, judging from the timeframe of the Madrid Protocol’s formation was formed already since1989, the ratification in Indonesia is considered delayed, knowing that this ratification is very beneficial for protecting entrepreneurs to expand their business abroad. Obstacles revolve around the implementation of the Madrid Protocol system in Indonesia are due to several reasons; few of them are of lack of encouragement from the entrepreneurial entities to register their brand, thougherapplication conditions from some countries compared to in Indonesia, and unavailability of online platform to register international trademark.

scholarly journals Thought Experiments and Novels

Studia Humana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Epistemic Role

Abstract Novels and thought experiments can be pathways to different kinds of knowledge. We may, however, be hard pressed to say exactly what can be learned from novels but not from thought experiments. Headway on this matter can be made by spelling out their respective conditions for epistemic failure. Thought experiments fail in their epistemic role when they neither yield propositional knowledge nor contribute to an argument. They are largely in the business of ‘knowing that’. Novels, on the other hand can be an epistemic success by yielding ‘knowledge how’. They can help us to improve our competences.

Hope at the End of Our Tether

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Flesh

We like optimistic people. they are fun, often funny, and very often capable of doing amazing things otherwise thought to be impossible. Were I stranded on a life raft in the middle of the ocean with the choice of an optimist or a pessimist for a companion, I’d want the optimist, providing he did not have a liking for human flesh. Optimism, however, is often rather like a Yankee fan believing that the team can win the game when it’s the bottom of the ninth and they’re up by a run with two outs, a two-strike count against a .200 hitter, and Mariano Rivera in his prime on the mound. That fan is optimistic for good reason. Cleveland Indian fans (I am one), on the other hand, believe in salvation by small percentages (if at all) and hope for a hit to get the runner home from second base and tie the game. Optimists know that the odds are in their favor; hope is the faith that things will work out whatever the odds. Hope is a verb with its sleeves rolled up. Hopeful people are actively engaged in defying the odds or changing the odds. Optimism, on the other hand, leans back, puts its feet up, and wears a confident look, knowing that the deck is stacked. “Hope,” in Vaclav Havel’s words, “is not prognostication. It is an orientation of the spirit, an orientation of the heart; it transcends the world that is immediately experienced, and is anchored somewhere beyond its horizons . . . Hope, in this deep and powerful sense, is not the same as joy that things are going well, . . . but, rather, an ability to work for something because it is good” (1991, p. 181). I know of no purely rational reason for anyone to be optimistic about the human future. How can one be optimistic, for example, about global warming? First, as noted above, it isn’t a “warming,” but rather a total destabilization of the planet brought on by the behavior of one species: us.

scholarly journals Penerapan Data Mining dengan Memanfaatkan Metode Association Rule untuk Promosi Produk

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Rintho Rante Rerung
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Association Rule ◽  
Frequent Itemset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apriori Algorithm ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mining Association Rule

Dalam suatu bisnis diperlukan upaya memaksimalkan keuntungan diantaranya dengan melakukan promosi. Banyak cara yang bisa dilakukan untuk mempromosikan produk seperti dengan cara online dengan memanfaatkan media sosial Facebook dan situs-situs yang menyediakan iklan. Namun demikian, untuk memperoleh hasil yang maksimal maka perlu dilakukan perhitungan seberapa besar kemungkinan pelanggan akan tertarik terhadap produk yang ditawarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan data mining untuk promosi produk Distro Nasional. Dalam bidang keilmuan data mining, terdapat suatu metode yang dinamakan association rule. Metode ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan nilai asosiatif antara jenis-jenis produk yang dibeli oleh pelanggan sehingga terlihatlah suatu pola berupa produk apa saja yang sering dibeli oleh palanggan tersebut. Dengan mengetahui jenis produk yang sering dibeli maka dapat dibuat sebagai sebuah dasar keputusan untuk menentukan produk apa saja yang cocok untuk dipromosikan kepada pelanggan tersebut. Algoritma Apriori juga akan dipergunakan untuk menentukan frequent itemset sehingga hasil akhir yang dicapai yaitu untuk menghitung persentase ketertarikan (confindence) pelanggan terhadap produk yang ditawarkan.Kata kunci: promosi, data mining, association rule, produk In a business, there is required efforts to maximize profits include by promotion. Many ways can be conducted in promoting a product such as by using Facebook as an online social media and sites which provide advertisements. On the other hand, in gaining a maximum result is required a calculation about how big customer probability to get interested in a product offered. This study aims to apply data mining for product promotion of Distro Nasional store. In a science of data mining there is a method called association rule. This method was intended to indicate associative values among product types were bought by customers. So that, it can be seen a pattern which types of product that often bought by customers. By knowing that information it can be made as a decission base to determine which appropriate products get promotted to that customer. Apriori algorithm will also be used to determine the frequent itemset so that the final result achieved is to calculate the percentage of customer interest (confindence) on the product offered.Keywords: promotion, data mining, association rule, product 

Property inference from heads to opaque-transparent compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Spalding ◽  
Christina L. Gagné
Keyword(s):  
Head Noun ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Category ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Generally True

Abstract We investigate how people extend properties from head nouns to compound words. Two conflicting principles seem to be important. Concepts license inference of properties: Knowing that birds fly allows an inference that songbirds fly. On the other hand, a subcategory term like songbirds is created only when that subcategory contrasts with the general category of birds. Participants rate the extent to which properties true of all, some, or no members of the head noun category are true of a subcategory denoted by an Opaque-Transparent compound. Both categorical inference and contrast affect these judgments: Properties true of the head are less true of the compound though still generally true, while those false of the head are more true of the compound, though still generally false. We discuss how modification effects with Opaque-Transparent compounds compare to both Transparent-Transparent compounds and novel combinations.

scholarly journals Tailoring Information to the Needs of Clients

10.28945/2566 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rittgen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Organizational Boundaries ◽  
Exchange Format ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
The One ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Different Sources

The vision of providing clients with information that is tailored to their needs has sparked off a tremendous interest in languages that are on the one hand standardized and hence widely applicable but which are on the other hand also highly flexible and can hence be customized to specific applications. The universal exchange format XML (eXtended Markup Language) is a candidate for such a language but we argue that it does not go far in solving the problems of integrating information from different sources and being provided or used by different actors especially across organizational boundaries. We therefore show existing approaches of enriching XML with application-specific semantics and argue why these are not applicable in many cases. This leads us to introduce a process-oriented method for effectively informing clients on the basis of XML by tailoring documents to their specific needs.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

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