E-Government in Malaysia

2011 ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Sharifah Mariam Alhabshi
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Brown University ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter assesses the challenges and achievements of e-government development in Malaysia. After carefully examining the findings of e-government ranking for Malaysia produced by the United Nations; the Centre of Public Policy, Brown University (US); and Waseda University Institute of e-Government, disparities amongst these three institutions were evident. It is argued that different methodological criteria employed by these institutions served as one of the fundamental factors attributable to the varying results. However, findings from these institutions also unearthed some major problems and challenges bedevilling the implementation and growth of e-government in Malaysia. Furthermore, in the course of ascertaining factors which undermine or hinder the further development of e-government in Malaysia, questionnaires and interviews were employed to gather the relevant information. Questionnaires were administered to public officials in federal ministries and departments. And interviews were conducted with 7 e-government pilot project managers. The findings of the survey indicated that while Waseda University Institute of e-Government and the United Nations had exposure to adequate information on e-govenrment development in Malaysia, the same cannot be said of the Centre of Public Policy, Brown University (US). It is vital that for an accelerated and resilient environment for the development of e-government in Malaysia, there must be an systematic and cohesive consolidation of e-government mechanisms such as regulations, capacity building, security measures and policy framework.

WPS and Adopted Security Council Resolutions

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Laura J. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Security Council Resolution ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Representational Practices ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Over Time

This chapter outlines the architecture of the Women, Peace, and Security agenda at the United Nations. Building on the explanation of the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 provided earlier in the volume, it explores the meanings of “women,” “peace,” and “security” that are constructed through the WPS policy framework. The chapter traces the continuities and changes to the central concepts in the resolutions and reflects on the implications of these representational practices as they affect the provisions and principles of the WPS agenda in practice. Moreover, the chapter draws out the key provisions of each resolution to explore the tensions that have arisen over time regarding the types of energy and commitment that have become manifest in the architecture supporting WPS implementation. This in turn enables a brief analysis of likely future directions of WPS practice and a comment on the ways in which Security Council dynamics might affect and effect certain possibilities while excluding or proscribing others.

Anticipatory Self-Defence in the Legislative History of the United Nations Charter

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. H. McCormack
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Armed Attack ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Right ◽  
United Nations Charter ◽  
Self Defence

Article 51 of the United Nations Charter states that:Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of selfdefense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.International lawyers are still arguing about the scope of the right of self-defence in Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Most of the arguments focus on the semantics of Article 51. Those who argue for a “restrictive view” of the provision emphasise the qualifying phrase “if an armed attack occurs”.

scholarly journals Illicit Enrichment dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431
Author(s):  
Hanif Muzaki
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
United Nation Convention ◽  
Enrichment Method ◽  
Analytic Methods ◽  
Careful Preparation ◽  
Library Research ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nation

AbstractCorruption can be said to be the biggest problem in Indonesia at this time, as evidenced by the rampant of the corruption cases that occur mainly among the elite or public officials. Indonesia had ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) through Law No. 7 of 2006. In the convention, several methods can be used to strengthen the eradication of corruption for state parties, one of which is the illicit enrichment method. Even though Indonesia had ratified the UNCAC but legally in Indonesia does not have any rules about illicit enrichment. The purpose of this paper is to find out, study and analyze the urgency of illicit enrichment arrangements in Indonesia. In this study using descriptive analytic methods. This method uses library research related to the regulations of law. The data that have been collected are analyzed descriptively. From this paper, it can be seen that to apply the concept of illicit enrichment in Indonesia still needs careful preparation because it will also intersect with human rights.Keywords: Illicit Enrichment; Corruption; Uncac; Ham; Urgency.AbstrakKorupsi dapat dikatakan sebagai masalah terbesar di Indonesia saat ini, terbukti dengan maraknya kasus korupsi yang terjadi terutama digolongan para elit atau pejabat publik. Indonesia telah meratifikasi United Nation Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2006. Dalam konvensi tersebut, terdapat beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan untuk memperkuat pemberantasan korupsi bagi negara pihak, salah satunya adalah metode illicit enrichment. Meskipun Indonesia telah meratifikasi UNCAC namun secara yuridis normatif Indonesia belum memiliki aturan mengenai illicit enrichment. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui, mengkaji dan menganalisis mengenai urgensi pengaturan illicit enrichment di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitif. Metode ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan yang berkaitan dengan kaidah dan peraturan perundang-undangan serta data yang terkumpul dianalisa secara deskriptif. Dari penelitian skripsi ini dapat diketahui bahwa untuk menerapkan konsep illicit enrichment di Indonesia masih perlu persiapan yang matang karena juga akan bersinggungan dengan hak asasi manusia.Kata Kunci: Illicit Enrichment; Korupsi; UNCAC; HAM; Urgensi.

United Nations Constitutional Assistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-79
Author(s):  
Vijayashri Sripati
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter establishes United Nations Constitutional Assistance (UNCA) as a significant but uncharted international and constitutional law topic. UNCA is defined as a set of activities undertaken to produce/internationalize the Western liberal constitution. The Constitution’s salience is outlined to show that UNCA: sires UN/International Territorial Administration; is salient vis-à-vis the UN’s assistance in all other sectors (e.g., electoral, judicial, rule of law); and underpins UN peacebuilding/UN Statebuilding. This backdrop sets the stage for the book’s mission: to analyze UNCA through the concept of ‘Policy Institution’ and Purposive Analysis (analysis of the UN’s official statements). Which is: to investigate and identify the Constitution’s internationalization by international organizations (e.g., the League of Nations and the United Nations); to analyse how the Constitution and its purposes fit into international law and public policy; to consider how states internationalized the Constitution to achieve colonial trusteeship; and to explain how the legitimacy of UNCA with, and without ITA might be appraised in the light of this analysis.

scholarly journals Paris Agreement Implementation in Nigeria: Compliance Level, Constraints and Possible Ways Forward

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
B. C. Anwadike
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Compliance Level ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Business As Usual

Nigeria has traditionally been an active participant within the United Nations (UN) systems and ideals enshrined in their conventions and treaties by being a signatory to various environmental treaties and conventions notably the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Nigeria signed the Kyoto Protocol and more recently the Paris Agreement on climate change alongside other 140 countries in December 2015 to mitigate the effects of global warming caused by the uncontrolled emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Nigeria is seriously impacted by climate change with consequences that includes vulnerability to drought, famine, flooding due to variability or change in rainfall pattern especially in the humid south and decreased rainfall in the savana region, soil erosion, sea level rise causing coastal areas to be submerged, declining surface and subsurface water etc Nigeria being a signatory to the Paris Agreement says she is committed to reducing GHG emissions by 20%  relative to a business as usual (BAU) of economic an emissions growth by 2030. As much as her good intentions abound, there are obvious constraints to the implementation of the Paris Accord and these include; institutional deficiencies and failure, ambiguos environmental legislation and laws, lack of policy framework, paucity of fund, fear of revenue loss from oil, lack of political will to diversify the economy, climate change has not been integrated into the development plan, paucity of GHG emission data etc.

scholarly journals Public procurement: A public policy tool for resources management

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
National Output ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Avoidance Cost

<p>The United Nations assesses that defilement, pay off, robbery, and duty avoidance cost creating<br />nations about $1.26 trillion every year. That is double the total national output of all of Asia. These are<br />calming numbers undoubtedly. No one precisely knows exactly how much, yet a genuinely substantial<br />part of the misfortune will be from failures in broad public procurement.</p>

scholarly journals Corruption as a 'white-collar crime': International legal instruments on public accountability of public officials

Temida ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Dokmanovic
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Nations

Corruption within public services has devastated negative impact on a state, a society, its economy and its citizens. It represents a major threat to the rule of law, democracy, enjoyment of human rights, fairness and social justice. It hinders economic development and endangeres sustainable development, empowerishes national economies, and facilitates the emergence of other threats, such as organized crime. Fighting corruption has become more urgent than ever. This paper deals with the public liability of domestic public officials, highlighting the substantive main international standards for fighting corruption in public services in the international legal instruments adopted by the United Nations and the Council of Europe, such as the United Nations Conventions against Corruption, and the two Convention of Council of Europe, on Civil Law and on Criminal Law. The paper argues that corruption can be prosecuted after the fact, but first and foremost it requires prevention. Preventive policies include the establishment of anti-corruption bodies and enhanced transparency in the financing of election campaigns and political parties. States must endeavour to ensure that their public services are subject to safeguards that promote efficiency, transparency and recruitment based on merit. Once recruited, public servants should be subject to codes of conduct, requirements for financial and other disclosures, and appropriate disciplinary measures. Transparency and accountability in matters of public finance must also be promoted, and specific requirements are established for the prevention of corruption in particularly critical areas of the public sector such as the judiciary and public procurement. Those who use public services must expect a high standard of conduct from their public servants. Preventing public corruption also requires an effort from all members of society at large.

Differences in Nature Based Solutions perception and implementation strategies across academic disciplines, an empirical analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Vicarelli ◽  
Nidhi Nagabhatla
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Global Alliance ◽  
The United Nations

&lt;p&gt;This study investigates using a survey how disciplinary scholars perceive Nature Based Solutions (NBS) and how they differ in their NBS implementation approach at the local level. Respondents participated in the 2020-2021&amp;#160;,&amp;#160;a ten-week course (online from Dec. 3, 2020, to Jan. 26, 2021) with a focus on Disaster Risk Reduction and Water Security. Supported by the United Nations Environmental Program and the Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction (PEDRR), a global alliance of UN agencies, NGOs, and institutes, the Winter School Program is delivered via a partnership model between the University of Massachusetts Amherst's School of Public Policy and Department of Economics, McMaster University, and the United Nations University. Aiming to build young professionals' capacity on NBS framing and application potential, the Program focuses on the delivery of conceptual and empirical information on ecosystem-based climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The Program represents a knowledge hub and an opportunity to network with scholars, international experts, and practitioners. 40 graduate students from numerous disciplines (e.g. economics, public policy, international affairs, geosciences, engineering, chemistry and physics) have been selected to attend the Program and have participated in a survey to assess how disciplinary scholars perceive NBS and to explore differences in strategies and priorities while implementing NBS within communities. The results of the survey offer lessons about opportunities and possible challenges of interdisciplinary collaborations when implementing&amp;#160;NBS.&lt;/p&gt;

Exploring the Legal Status of Non-Governmental Organisations under International Energy Treaties

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-247
Author(s):  
Katherine Dick
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Global Agenda ◽  
Nations System

AbstractEnergy is now firmly on the global agenda. Many of the international measures that seek to tackle environmental issues arising from energy production and use, and achieve global order in energy trade and investment, have been developed in consultation with non-governmental organisations. However, despite the significant contribution of non-governmental organisations in this area, little attention has been paid to the formal legal status of such organisations under international energy treaties. A wide range of elements are examined in this article and found to support a limited legal status on the part of non-governmental organisations under international energy treaties created within the United Nations system, which implies a conditional 'right' to participate. However this right is limited to a right to participate in setting the policy framework of those treaties only, rather than a right to participate in judicial disputes. Moreover, the current legal treatment of NGOs differs in the specific issue areas of energy, given this area has been dealt with in an ad hoc manner by means of numerous, largely unrelated international energy treaties. In particular, NGOs have a very limited legal status, if at all, under international energy treaties created outside the United Nations system.

scholarly journals Legitimacy versus illegitimacy — transparency, integrity of financial markets and corporate governance: whither corruption?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (55) ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. ‘Arafa
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Transparency International ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ethics Management ◽  
The United Nations

Ethics management globally is a swiftly growing reality with various countries placing substantial emphasis on anti-corruption initiatives. International organizations, including the United Nations (“UN”), Transparency International (“TI”), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) have created a number of anti-corruption creativities, for instance, the UN, promulgated an International Code of Conduct for Public Officials in 1996 . Moreover, the United Nations International Centre for Crime Prevention has established an Anti-Corruption Tool kit to ‘help U.N. Member States and the public to understand the insidious nature of corruption, the potential damaging effect it can have on the welfare of entire nations and suggest measures used successfully by other countries in their efforts to uncover and deter corruption and build integrity . In the same vein, TI, the only global non-governmental organization dedicated to battling corruption, seeks via education and information to dishearten corrupt activities and fraudulent performances as well as foster integrity and liability to achieve better governance

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