Comparison of Long-Term Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage to Reference Power Generation Technologies Using CO2 Avoidance Cost in the U.S.

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can sequester atmospheric CO2, while producing electricity. The CO2 avoidance cost (CAC) is used to calculate the marginal cost of avoided CO2 emissions for BECCS as compared to other established energy technologies. A comparative analysis using four different reference-case power plants for CAC calculations is performed here to evaluate the CO2 avoidance cost of BECCS implementation. Results from this work demonstrate that BECCS can generate electricity at costs competitive with other neutral emissions technologies, while simultaneously removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Approximately 73% of current coal power plants are approaching retirement by the year 2035 in the U.S. After considering CO2 sequestered from the atmosphere and coal power plant CO2 emissions displaced by BECCS, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 1.4 billion tonnes per year in the U.S. alone at a cost of $88 to $116 per tonne of CO2 removed from the atmosphere, for 10% to 90% of available biomass used, respectively. CAC calculations in this paper indicate that BECCS can help the U.S. and other countries transition to a decarbonized electricity grid, as simulations presented in this paper predict that BECCS power plants operate at lower CACs than coal plants with CCS.

PENGARUH TAX AVOIDANCE TERHADAP COST OF DEBT PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

ABSTRAK Tax avoidance merupakan upaya yang dilakuakan untuk pajak tanpa melanggar ketentuan perpajakan itu sendiri, Berbeda dengan tax evasion, yang merupakan kecurangan pajak dengan melanggar ketentuan-ketentuan pajak yang berlaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh variabel Penghindaran Pajak (Tax Avoidance) terhadap Biaya Utang.Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 46 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari setiap perusahaan laporan tahunan perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama 3 tahun yaitu dari tahun 2015 sampai 2017. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan program spss. Pengujian hipotesis yang dilakukan dengan Uji Koefisien Determinasi,Uji F, dan Uji t.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel Tax Avoidance tidak berpengaruh terhadap Cost Of Debt dan variabel kontrol Ukuran Perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap biaya hutang, dan Return On Assets berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Cost Of Debt pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia.Tax avoidance tidak berpengaruh terhadap cots of debt. Dalam penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa tax avoidance tidak dapat mempengaruhi cost of debt secra tersendiri, tax avoidance berpengaruh ketika size dan return on asset sebaagai variabel kontrol yang memperkuat pengaruh tax avoidance terhadap cots of debt. Periode penelitian ini juga dilakukan setelah pemerintah melakukan reformasi perpajakan dan juga dengan adanya Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No.169/PMK.010/2015 mengenai besaran perbandingan hutang dan modal perusahaan yang telah dikeluarkan pada tahun 2015 yang membuat perusahaan pada saat ini berhati-hati di dalam mengelola hutang. Kata kunci :Tax avoidance, Cost of debt, Perusahaan Manufaktur

Monetary Valuation and Internalization of Externalities in German Agriculture Using the Example of Nitrate Pollution: A Case-Study

Plants are dependent on nitrogen for their growth. However, if more plant nutrients are deposited than the plant can absorb, the excess nitrogen seeps into the soil where it accumulates as nitrate. About 74% of the drinking water produced in Germany comes from groundwater. The legal limit of 50 milligrams of nitrate per liter of fresh water is exceeded frequently in Germany, especially in agricultural areas. High levels of nitrate in drinking water can quickly lead to health issues, under certain conditions. The nitrate problem is omnipresent in Germany. However, studies which determine the externalized costs of nitrogen eutrophication are mostly missing. The present study closes this gap by combining the results of a transdisciplinary investigation from hydrological analyses and environmental-economic calculations. Water samples were taken from a deep well in Hauneck, which is a municipality in Hesse (Germany). Afterwards, an isotope analysis was carried out to determine the groundwater residence time and possible sources of nitrate. Thus, in addition to the sources of pollution, concrete social costs were determined, using a damage cost approach as well as an avoidance cost approach. For Hauneck, it was found that about 54% of the drinking water price is directly linked to the externalization of costs. These are borne via the principle of the common burden. In addition, the isotope investigations have shown that the removal of excess nitrate will continue for decades, which will lead to long term external costs. The paper reveals how the internalization of these costs can contribute to the conservation of water resources.

Parametric Process Design and Economic Analysis of Post-Combustion CO2 Capture and Compression for Coal- and Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants

For the envisaged large number of commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects that are to be implemented in the near future, a number of issues still need to be resolved, the most prominent being the large capital and operational costs incurred for the CO2 capture and compression process. An economic assessment of the capture and compression system based on optimal design data is important for CCS deployment. In this paper, the parametric process design approach is used to optimally design coal and natural gas monoethanolamine (MEA)-based post-combustion CO2 absorption–desorption capture (PCC) and compression plants that can be integrated into large-scale 550 MW coal-fired and 555 MW natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants, respectively, for capturing CO2 from their flue gases. The study then comparatively assesses the energy performance and economic viabilities of both plants to ascertain their operational feasibilities and relative costs. The parametric processes are presented and discussed. The results indicate that, at 90% CO2 capture efficiency, for the coal PCC plant, with 13.5 mol.% CO2 in the inlet flue gas, at an optimum liquid/gas ratio of 2.87 kg/kg and CO2 lean loading of 0.2082 mol CO2/mol MEA, the CO2 avoidance cost is about $72/tCO2, and, for the NGCC PCC plant, with 4.04 mol.% CO2 in the inlet flue gas, at an optimum liquid/gas ratio of 0.98 kg/kg and CO2 lean loading of 0.2307 mol CO2/mol MEA, the CO2 avoidance cost is about $94/tCO2.

Economics & carbon dioxide avoidance cost of methanol production based on renewable hydrogen and recycled carbon dioxide – power-to-methanol

The cost of producing “green” methanol (vs. fossil production) based on renewable energy, H2 and CO2 is presented.

Public procurement: A public policy tool for resources management

<p>The United Nations assesses that defilement, pay off, robbery, and duty avoidance cost creating<br />nations about $1.26 trillion every year. That is double the total national output of all of Asia. These are<br />calming numbers undoubtedly. No one precisely knows exactly how much, yet a genuinely substantial<br />part of the misfortune will be from failures in broad public procurement.</p>

Ambulatory Outpatient Management of patients with low risk febrile neutropaenia

Patients with febrile neutropenia are a heterogeneous group with only a minority developing significant medical complications. Scoring systems, such as the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) score, have been developed and validated to identify low risk patients. Caring for patients with low risk febrile neutropenia in an ambulatory setting is proven to be safe and effective. Benefits include admission avoidance, cost savings and reduced risk of nosocomial infections, as well as improved patient experience and satisfaction. Implementation of an ambulatory pathway for low risk febrile neutropenia provides an excellent opportunity for Acute Physicians and Oncologists to collaborate in delivering care for this group of patients.