Hydrogen Production From Waste and Renewable Resources

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-46
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Chaurasia ◽  
Prasenjit Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Solar Conversion

Increasing population and rapid urbanization lead to degradation of the natural environment while waste generation and energy crisis are major challenges in the most developing country. Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy carriers and capable to replace fossil fuels and meet the world's energy demand and concomitantly reduce toxic emissions. Currently, the world produces around 50 million tonnes/year from the process (i.e., electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, and auto-thermal processes), but these processes are not sustainable and economical due to energy requirements and waste/pollutants generation. These challenges required growing interest in renewable energy resources such as hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen production from renewable sources attracted recent research attention because of its potential for sustainability and diversity. Hydrogen can be produced by various thermal, chemical, and biological technologies that include steam reforming, electrolysis, biomass conversion, solar conversion, and biological conversion.

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

scholarly journals Implementación de Motor Stirling para generación de energía eléctrica limpia empleando una lente de Fresnel

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Hilario López-Xelo ◽  
José Juan Hernández-Medina ◽  
Rene Pérez-Martínez ◽  
José Luis Cabrera-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Fresnel Lens ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Parabolic Dish ◽  
Parabolic Dish Concentrator ◽  
Relative Design

In search of expanding the generation of electric power and reduce the burning of fossil fuels. It is proposed to use the tools that already have and the necessary information to make a prototype of Alfa type Stirling engine, which is a thermal machine with low levels of noise and toxic emissions, that its relative design is of low manufacturing cost for the generation of clean electrical energy, for the heating we will use a Fresnel lens with the purpose of satisfying the thermal energy demand of the same, in the sense of achieving the best angle of capture of solar rays, at the same time achieving the highest concentration of heat possible for the heating angle of the motor. The validation of the proposed model is based on experimental results, using the information obtained from the production of electrical energy, with this the validation of the prototype will be performed, similar to the solar parabolic dish concentrator.

scholarly journals Biomass Feedstocks for Liquid Biofuels Production in Hawaii & Tropical Islands: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Shuo Cheng ◽  
Jeffrey Scott Cross
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Tropical Islands ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Many tropical islands, including Aruba, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Pacific Island countries, are entirely dependent on importing fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. Due to global warming, improving energy use efficiency and developing regionally available renewable energy resources are necessary to reduce carbon emissions. This review analyzed and identified biomass feedstocks to produce liquid biofuels targeting tropical islands, particularly focusing on Hawaii as a case study. Transportation and energy generation sectors consume 25.5% and 11.6%, respectively, of Hawaii's imported fossil fuels. Various nonedible feedstocks with information on their availability, production, and average yields of oils, fiber, sugars, and lipid content for liquid biofuels production are identified to add value to the total energy mix. The available biomass conversion technologies and production costs are summarized. In addition, a section on potentially using sewage sludge to produce biodiesel is also included. Based on a comparative analysis of kamani, croton, pongamia, jatropha, energycane, Leucaena hybrid, gliricidia, and eucalyptus feedstock resources, this study proposes that Hawaii and other similar tropical regions can potentially benefit from growing and producing economical liquid biofuels locally, especially for the transportation and electricity generation sectors

scholarly journals Possibilities of Upgrading Solid Underutilized Lingo-cellulosic Feedstock (Carob Pods) to Liquid Bio-fuel: Bio-ethanol Production and Electricity Generation in Fuel Cells - A Critical Appraisal of the Required Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Vourdoubas ◽  
Vasiliki K. Skoulou
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Steam Reforming Of Ethanol

The exploitation of rich in sugars lingo-cellulosic residue of carob pods for bio-ethanol and bio-electricity generation has been investigated. The process could take place in two (2) or three (3) stages including: a) bio-ethanol production originated from carob pods, b) direct exploitation of bio-ethanol to fuel cells for electricity generation, and/or c) steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production and exploitation of the produced hydrogen in fuel cells for electricity generation. Surveying the scientific literature it has been found that the production of bio-ethanol from carob pods and electricity fed to the ethanol fuel cells for hydrogen production do not present any technological difficulties. The economic viability of bio-ethanol production from carob pods has not yet been proved and thus commercial plants do not yet exist. The use, however, of direct fed ethanol fuel cells and steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production are promising processes which require, however, further research and development (R&D) before reaching demonstration and possibly a commercial scale. Therefore the realization of power generation from carob pods requires initially the investigation and indication of the appropriate solution of various technological problems. This should be done in a way that the whole integrated process would be cost effective. In addition since the carob tree grows in marginal and partly desertified areas mainly around the Mediterranean region, the use of carob’s fruit for power generation via upgrading of its waste by biochemical and electrochemical processes will partly replace fossil fuels generated electricity and will promote sustainability.

scholarly journals Biomass Feedstocks for Liquid Biofuels Production in Hawaii & Tropical Islands: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Shuo Cheng ◽  
Jeffrey Scott Cross
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Tropical Islands ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Many tropical islands, including Aruba, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Pacific Island countries, are entirely dependent on importing fossil fuels to meet their energy demands. Due to global warming, improving energy use efficiency and developing regionally available renewable energy resources are necessary to reduce carbon emissions. This review analyzed and identified biomass feedstocks to produce liquid biofuels targeting tropical islands, particularly focusing on Hawaii as a case study. Transportation and energy generation sectors consume 25.5% and 11.6%, respectively, of Hawaii's imported fossil fuels. Various nonedible feedstocks with information on their availability, production, and average yields of oils, fiber, sugars, and lipid content for liquid biofuels production are identified to add value to the total energy mix. The available biomass conversion technologies and production costs are summarized. In addition, a section on potentially using sewage sludge to produce biodiesel is also included. Based on a comparative analysis of kamani, croton, pongamia, jatropha, energycane, Leucaena hybrid, gliricidia, and eucalyptus feedstock resources, this study proposes that Hawaii and other similar tropical regions can potentially benefit from growing and producing economical liquid biofuels locally, especially for the transportation and electricity generation sectors

Synergistic hydrogen production by nuclear-heated steam reforming of fossil fuels

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Hori ◽  
Kazuaki Matsui ◽  
Masanori Tashimo ◽  
Isamu Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Fossil Fuels

scholarly journals Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming: A Critical Analysis of MR and RMM Technologies

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franchi ◽  
Mauro Capocelli ◽  
Marcello De Falco ◽  
Vincenzo Piemonte ◽  
Diego Barba
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Hydrogen Permeation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Small Scale

‘Hydrogen as the energy carrier of the future’ has been a topic discussed for decades and is today the subject of a new revival, especially driven by the investments in renewable electricity and the technological efforts done by high-developed industrial powers, such as Northern Europe and Japan. Although hydrogen production from renewable resources is still limited to small scale, local solutions, and R&D projects; steam reforming (SR) of natural gas at industrial scale is the cheapest and most used technology and generates around 8 kg CO2 per kg H2. This paper is focused on the process optimization and decarbonization of H2 production from fossil fuels to promote more efficient approaches based on membrane separation. In this work, two emerging configurations have been compared from the numerical point of view: the membrane reactor (MR) and the reformer and membrane module (RMM), proposed and tested by this research group. The rate of hydrogen production by SR has been calculated according to other literature works, a one-dimensional model has been developed for mass, heat, and momentum balances. For the membrane modules, the rate of hydrogen permeation has been estimated according to mass transfer correlation previously reported by this research group and based on previous experimental tests carried on in the first RMM Pilot Plant. The methane conversion, carbon dioxide yield, temperature, and pressure profile are compared for each configuration: SR, MR, and RMM. By decoupling the reaction and separation section, such as in the RMM, the overall methane conversion can be increased of about 30% improving the efficiency of the system.

Design of an energy efficient campus-based on energy audit report

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.12) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Arun Peter. J ◽  
Keerthi Vijayadhasan. G
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Rapid Urbanization

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization there is fast depletion of fossil fuels. Renewable energy resources contribute a considerable part in the Grid these days yet there is a mismatch between generation and consumption. The consumption of electrical energy is more than the electrical energy generated. It has become mandatory for us to conserve electrical energy in order to save the fuel reserves for our future generation. In this paper it is explained how an energy efficient institution can be made with the help of periodic Energy Audit  

Material and Energy Process-Step Models of Solar Thermal Hydrogen Production Techniques

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basel Al-Akkad ◽  
Mohamed Almodaris ◽  
Elliot Howard ◽  
Jocin Abraham ◽  
Sara Khorasani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Production Techniques

This paper presents a thermo-economic assessment of three different hydrogen production processes using fossil fuels as feedstock. First, the paper provides process-step level energy and cost analysis for the solar reforming of natural gas. The same analysis is given for the solar cracking of natural gas. The results are compared with the thermo-economic process-step analysis of the steam reforming process. Based on the benchmark results, the paper discusses these three processes with respect to their economic viability. The data for the analysis is collected from literature, various vendors, and personal communications with people from industry and universities. The results are presented for unit hydrogen production by each technique and compared with the market price for hydrogen. An energy balance around each process-step is made to reveal the energy intensity of each process. Although the results show that the steam reforming of methane is still the most economical pathway for hydrogen production, it is only valid when the sequestration, storage, and transportation of hazardous emissions are not taken into account. Finally, this paper provides some ideas for the improvement of the most environmentally friendly hydrogen production technique; the solar cracking of natural gas.

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