scholarly journals Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming: A Critical Analysis of MR and RMM Technologies

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franchi ◽  
Mauro Capocelli ◽  
Marcello De Falco ◽  
Vincenzo Piemonte ◽  
Diego Barba
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Hydrogen Permeation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Small Scale

‘Hydrogen as the energy carrier of the future’ has been a topic discussed for decades and is today the subject of a new revival, especially driven by the investments in renewable electricity and the technological efforts done by high-developed industrial powers, such as Northern Europe and Japan. Although hydrogen production from renewable resources is still limited to small scale, local solutions, and R&D projects; steam reforming (SR) of natural gas at industrial scale is the cheapest and most used technology and generates around 8 kg CO2 per kg H2. This paper is focused on the process optimization and decarbonization of H2 production from fossil fuels to promote more efficient approaches based on membrane separation. In this work, two emerging configurations have been compared from the numerical point of view: the membrane reactor (MR) and the reformer and membrane module (RMM), proposed and tested by this research group. The rate of hydrogen production by SR has been calculated according to other literature works, a one-dimensional model has been developed for mass, heat, and momentum balances. For the membrane modules, the rate of hydrogen permeation has been estimated according to mass transfer correlation previously reported by this research group and based on previous experimental tests carried on in the first RMM Pilot Plant. The methane conversion, carbon dioxide yield, temperature, and pressure profile are compared for each configuration: SR, MR, and RMM. By decoupling the reaction and separation section, such as in the RMM, the overall methane conversion can be increased of about 30% improving the efficiency of the system.

Hydrogen Production From Methane Steam Reforming With CO2 Capture Through Metallic Membranes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Carapellucci ◽  
Eric Favre ◽  
Lorena Giordano ◽  
Denis Roizard
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Production System ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Methane Steam Reforming ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Separation Unit ◽  
Syngas Production

As an energy carrier, hydrogen has the potential to boost the transition toward a cleaner and sustainable energy infrastructure. In this context, steam methane reforming coupled with carbon capture through membrane separation is emerging as a potential route for hydrogen generation with a reduced carbon footprint. A potential way to improve the efficiency and reduce costs of the entire process is to integrate the hydrogen production system with a gas turbine power plant, using a fraction of waste heat exhausted to provide the heat and the steam required by the endothermic reforming reaction. The paper assesses the techno-economic performances of a small-scale hydrogen and electricity co-production system, integrating a syngas production section, a gas turbine and a membrane separation unit. The simulation study investigates two main configurations, depending on whether the gas turbine is fed by hydrogen or natural gas. For each configuration, energy and economic performance indices are evaluated varying the main plant operating parameters, i.e. the steam reforming temperature, the permeate sweep dilution, the membrane pressure ratio and the technology of gas turbine.

Hydrogen Production From Waste and Renewable Resources

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-46
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Chaurasia ◽  
Prasenjit Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Solar Conversion

Increasing population and rapid urbanization lead to degradation of the natural environment while waste generation and energy crisis are major challenges in the most developing country. Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy carriers and capable to replace fossil fuels and meet the world's energy demand and concomitantly reduce toxic emissions. Currently, the world produces around 50 million tonnes/year from the process (i.e., electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, and auto-thermal processes), but these processes are not sustainable and economical due to energy requirements and waste/pollutants generation. These challenges required growing interest in renewable energy resources such as hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen production from renewable sources attracted recent research attention because of its potential for sustainability and diversity. Hydrogen can be produced by various thermal, chemical, and biological technologies that include steam reforming, electrolysis, biomass conversion, solar conversion, and biological conversion.

scholarly journals Experimental Methodology and Facility for the J69-Engine Performance and Emissions Evaluation Using Jet A1 and Biodiesel Blends

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Talero ◽  
Camilo Bayona-Roa ◽  
Giovanny Muñoz ◽  
Miguel Galindo ◽  
Vladimir Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Maximum Increase

Aeronautic transport is a leading energy consumer that strongly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to a significant dependency on fossil fuels. Biodiesel, a substitution of conventional fuels, is considered as an alternative fuel for aircrafts and power generation turbine engines. Unfortunately, experimentation has been mostly limited to small scale turbines, and technical challenges remain open regarding operational safety. The current study presents the facility, the instrumentation, and the measured results of experimental tests in a 640 kW full-scale J69-T-25A turbojet engine, operating with blends of Jet A1 and oil palm biodiesel with volume contents from 0% to 10% at different load regimes. Findings are related to the fuel injection system, the engine thrust, and the emissions. The thrust force and the exhaust gas temperature do not expose a significant variation in all the operation regimes with the utilization of up to 10% volume content of biodiesel. A maximum increase of 36% in fuel consumption and 11% in injection pressure are observed at idle operation between B0 and B10. A reduction of the CO and HC emissions is also registered with a maximum variation at the cruise regime (80% Revolutions Per Minute—RPM).

scholarly journals Possibilities of Upgrading Solid Underutilized Lingo-cellulosic Feedstock (Carob Pods) to Liquid Bio-fuel: Bio-ethanol Production and Electricity Generation in Fuel Cells - A Critical Appraisal of the Required Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Vourdoubas ◽  
Vasiliki K. Skoulou
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Steam Reforming Of Ethanol

The exploitation of rich in sugars lingo-cellulosic residue of carob pods for bio-ethanol and bio-electricity generation has been investigated. The process could take place in two (2) or three (3) stages including: a) bio-ethanol production originated from carob pods, b) direct exploitation of bio-ethanol to fuel cells for electricity generation, and/or c) steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production and exploitation of the produced hydrogen in fuel cells for electricity generation. Surveying the scientific literature it has been found that the production of bio-ethanol from carob pods and electricity fed to the ethanol fuel cells for hydrogen production do not present any technological difficulties. The economic viability of bio-ethanol production from carob pods has not yet been proved and thus commercial plants do not yet exist. The use, however, of direct fed ethanol fuel cells and steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production are promising processes which require, however, further research and development (R&D) before reaching demonstration and possibly a commercial scale. Therefore the realization of power generation from carob pods requires initially the investigation and indication of the appropriate solution of various technological problems. This should be done in a way that the whole integrated process would be cost effective. In addition since the carob tree grows in marginal and partly desertified areas mainly around the Mediterranean region, the use of carob’s fruit for power generation via upgrading of its waste by biochemical and electrochemical processes will partly replace fossil fuels generated electricity and will promote sustainability.

Bench-Scale Steam Reforming of Methane for Hydrogen Production

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hae-Gu Park ◽  
Sang-Young Han ◽  
Ki-Won Jun ◽  
Yesol Woo ◽  
Myung-June Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Steam Reforming Of Methane ◽  
Scale Reactor

The effects of reaction parameters, including reaction temperature and space velocity, on hydrogen production via steam reforming of methane (SRM) were investigated using lab- and bench-scale reactors to identify critical factors for the design of large-scale processes. Based on thermodynamic and kinetic data obtained using the lab-scale reactor, a series of SRM reactions were performed using a pelletized catalyst in the bench-scale reactor with a hydrogen production capacity of 10 L/min. Various temperature profiles were tested for the bench-scale reactor, which was surrounded by three successive cylindrical furnaces to simulate the actual SRM conditions. The temperature at the reactor bottom was crucial for determining the methane conversion and hydrogen production rates when a sufficiently high reaction temperature was maintained (>800 °C) to reach thermodynamic equilibrium at the gas-hourly space velocity of 2.0 L CH4/(h·gcat). However, if the temperature of one or more of the furnaces decreased below 700 °C, the reaction was not equilibrated at the given space velocity. The effectiveness factor (0.143) of the pelletized catalyst was calculated based on the deviation of methane conversion between the lab- and bench-scale reactions at various space velocities. Finally, an idling procedure was proposed so that catalytic activity was not affected by discontinuous operation.

scholarly journals Decomposition of methane into carbon and hydrogen over Ni-Li/CaO catalysts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ronald Wafula Musamali
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Catalytic Decomposition ◽  
Lithium Hydroxide ◽  
Methane Decomposition ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Decomposition Of Methane

Overdependence on fossil-based fuels and their effect on environment is a global concern by energy stake holders. Bulk of present day hydrogen comes from gasification of coal, steam reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Steam reforming accounts for over 50% of world hydrogen production despite producing carbonaceous gases which are harmful to the environment and poisonous to both; proton exchange fuel cells and alkaline fuel cells. Natural gas is a preferred feed for hydrogen production, because it is abundantly available on earth. Catalytic decomposition of ammonia can produce clean hydrogen but ammonia itself is an air pollutant. Catalytic decomposition of methane into carbon and hydrogen is an attractive option to producing clean hydrogen because its products are carbon and hydrogen. In this work, five different catalysts comprising of varying quantities of nickel and lithium, supported on calcium oxide were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation method and designated according to weight % as; 30%Ni/CaO, 37.5%Ni-12.5%Li/CaO, 25.0%Ni- 25.0%Li/CaO, 12.5%Ni-37.5%Li/CaO and 50%Li/CaO. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by (XRD, SEM, BET and TEM) and tested for methane decomposition. From the XRD patterns of the synthesized catalysts, distinct crystalline phases of CaO and NiO were positively identified in 50%Ni/CaO according to their reference JCPDS files. Introduction of Lithium hydroxides improved the crystalline structure of the Ni/CaO catalyst. SEM analyses of the catalyst material using Image-J software confirmed that all catalyst materials were nanoparticles ranging from 3.09-6.56nm. BET results confirmed that, all the catalysts are mesoporous with pore sizes ranging from 20.1nm to 45.3nm. Introduction of LiOH to Ni/CaO generates mesoporous structures by destructing the lattices of the CaO structure during the formation of Ni-Li/CaO species. Particle size distribution in TEM analyses revealed that, a higher nickel loading in the catalyst favours the formation of carbon nanotubes while higher lithium hydroxide loading favours the formation of carbon fibres (CF). Low yield of carbon fibres from methane decomposition on unsupported Ni catalyst in 50%Ni/CaO was attributed to the presence of large Ni particles with low index planes which were incapable of dissociating the unreactive methane molecule. The aim of this work was to synthesize a catalyst for use in decomposition of methane into carbon and hydrogen, that addresses drawbacks of traditional solid metal catalysts such as sintering and coking. From the experimental results, 37.5%Ni-12.5%Li/CaO catalyst recorded 65.7% methane conversion and 38.3%hydrogen yield while 50%Ni/CaO recorded the lowest methane conversion of 60.2% and a hydrogen yield of 35.7% at 650℃. Outstanding performance of the 37.5%Ni-12.5%Li/CaO catalyst is attributed to the incorporation of lithium hydroxide which provided more catalyst active sites and a molten environment for proper dispersion of the nickel metal. The solid 50%Ni/CaO catalyst readily deactivated due to coking unlike the supported molten 37.5%Ni-12.5%Li/CaO catalyst in which methane decomposition reaction took place by both surface reaction and chemisorption.

Transport Mechanism of Methane Steam Reforming on Fixed Bed Catalyst Heated by High Temperature Helium for Hydrogen Production: A CFD Investigation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Qiang Wen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Methane Steam Reforming ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Production Rate ◽  
Inlet Velocity ◽  
Methane Steam

Performance of methane steam reforming reactor heated by helium for hydrogen production has been studied by numerical method. Results show with the increasing of reactant gas inlet velocity, temperature in the reactor drops, leading to the decreasing of methane conversion and hydrogen production rate. Methane conversion, hydrogen production and hydrogen production rate rise with the increasing of reactant gas inlet temperature, while the increasing degree of system thermal efficiency reduces. Besides, with helium inlet velocity rising, temperature in the reactor increases and reaction in the reactor becomes more sufficient. Therefore, methane conversion and hydrogen production also increase when helium inlet temperature of rises, but its influence is weaker compared to that of helium inlet velocity. In the process of methane steam reforming heated by high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) for hydrogen production, lower reactant gas inlet velocity, suitable inlet temperature, higher inlet velocity and higher HTGR outlet temperature of helium are preferable.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document