Granular VNF-Based Microservices

2021 ◽  
pp. 250-271
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Huang ◽  
Vasilis Friderikos ◽  
Mischa Dohler ◽  
Hamid Aghvami
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Physical World ◽  
End User ◽  
User Terminal ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Network Functions ◽  
Novel Complex ◽  
Shed Light

The dawn of the 5G commercialization era brings the proliferation of advanced capabilities within the triptych of radio access network, end user devices, and edge cloud computing which hopefully propel the introduction of novel, complex multimodal services such as those that enlarge the physical world around us like mobile augmented reality. Managing such advanced services in a granular manner through the emerging architectures of microservices within a network functions virtualization (NFV) framework allows for several benefits but also raises some challenges. The aim of this chapter is to shed light into the architectural aspects of the above-envisioned virtualized mobile network ecosystem. More specifically, and as an example of advanced services, the authors discuss how augmented reality applications can be decomposed into several service components that can be located either at the end-user terminal or at the edge cloud.

scholarly journals SDR Enabled C-RAN Implementation using OpenAirInterface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem Olapade Mufutau ◽  
Fernando Pedro Guiomar ◽  
Arnaldo Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Pereira Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Continuous Dynamic ◽  
Cloud Ran

Abstract Towards enabling 5G radio access technologies and beyond to meet the requirements for continuous dynamic and diverse services, flexibility and scalability of the cellular network are therefore pertinent. The utilization of software-defined radio (SDR) aided with an open-source platform and virtualization techniques are increasingly exposing the realization of desirable flexibility for radio access network (RAN) while enabling the development of a prototype which can be directed at fostering further mobile network research activities. In this paper, we review OpenAirInterface (OAI) implementation and present an OAI based cloud RAN (C-RAN) testbed with which mobile fronthaul (MFH) solutions can be tested.

QoS Performance of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network in Mobile Fronthual Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Hadush Hailu
Keyword(s):  
Optical Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Ethernet Network ◽  
Qos Performance ◽  
Guaranteed Service

<p>Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L<sub>1GE </sub><sup>SM</sup> =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E<sup>-03</sup> up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.</p>

Performance Evaluation of Ethernet Network for Mobile Fronthual Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Hadush Hailu
Keyword(s):  
Access Network ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Ethernet Network

<p>Increasing mobile data traffic due to the rise of both smartphones and tablets has led to high-capacity demand of mobile data network. To meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components, Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements imposed by Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This fronthaul connection is not yet provided by packet based network. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Ethernet networks for mobile fronthaul. The fronthaul requirements used to evaluate and investigate this network are maximum End to End (E2E) latency, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and Packet Delay Variation (PDV). The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of High Priority (HP) traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. However, the PDV of HP traffic meets the fronthaul network when the number of nodes in the Ethernet network is at most four. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.</p>

scholarly journals A Novel Coordinated Edge Caching with Request Filtration in Radio Access Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Yuemei Xu ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Song Ci
Keyword(s):  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Content Caching ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Caching Scheme ◽  
Average Latency

Content caching at the base station of the Radio Access Network (RAN) is a way to reduce backhaul transmission and improve the quality of experience. So it is crucial to manage such massive microcaches to store the contents in a coordinated manner, in order to increase the overall mobile network capacity to support more number of requests. We achieve this goal in this paper with a novel caching scheme, which reduces the repeating traffic by request filtration and asynchronous multicast in a RAN. Request filtration can make the best use of the limited bandwidth and in turn ensure the good performance of the coordinated caching. Moreover, the storage at the mobile devices is also considered to be used to further reduce the backhaul traffic and improve the users’ experience. In addition, we drive the optimal cache division in this paper with the aim of reducing the average latency user perceived. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing algorithms.

scholarly journals How Trend of Increasing Data Volume Affects the Energy Efficiency of 5G Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Josip Lorincz ◽  
Zonimir Klarin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Density Class ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
The Impact

As the rapid growth of mobile users and Internet-of-Everything devices will continue in the upcoming decade, more and more network capacity will be needed to accommodate such a constant increase in data volumes (DVs). To satisfy such a vast DV increase, the implementation of the fifth-generation (5G) and future sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks will be based on heterogeneous networks (HetNets) composed of macro base stations (BSs) dedicated to ensuring basic signal coverage and capacity, and small BSs dedicated to satisfying capacity for increased DVs at locations of traffic hotspots. An approach that can accommodate constantly increasing DVs is based on adding additional capacity in the network through the deployment of new BSs as DV increases. Such an approach represents an implementation challenge to mobile network operators (MNOs), which is reflected in the increased power consumption of the radio access part of the mobile network and degradation of network energy efficiency (EE). In this study, the impact of the expected increase of DVs through the 2020s on the EE of the 5G radio access network (RAN) was analyzed by using standardized data and coverage EE metrics. An analysis was performed for five different macro and small 5G BS implementation and operation scenarios and for rural, urban, dense-urban and indoor-hotspot device density classes (areas). The results of analyses reveal a strong influence of increasing DV trends on standardized data and coverage EE metrics of 5G HetNets. For every device density class characterized with increased DVs, we here elaborate on the process of achieving the best and worse combination of data and coverage EE metrics for each of the analyzed 5G BSs deployment and operation approaches. This elaboration is further extended on the analyses of the impact of 5G RAN instant power consumption and 5G RAN yearly energy consumption on values of standardized EE metrics. The presented analyses can serve as a reference in the selection of the most appropriate 5G BS deployment and operation approach, which will simultaneously ensure the transfer of permanently increasing DVs in a specific device density class and the highest possible levels of data and coverage EE metrics.

scholarly journals A Cloud RAN Architecture for LoRa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Delacourt ◽  
Patrick Savelli ◽  
Vincent Savaux
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Access Network ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Analog To Digital Conversion ◽  
Analog Part ◽  
Network Functions ◽  
Cloud Ran

This paper deals with a cloud radio access network (CRAN)<br>architecture for the LoRa system. In the suggested design,<br>the gateway embeds a limited remote radio head (RRH),<br>including the analog radio-frequency (RF) analog part, the<br>digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion, and a<br>digital front-end (DFE). The other LoRa network functions,<br>including the physical (PHY) layer, the LoRaWAN medium<br>access control (MAC) layer, and the application and customer<br>servers are implemented as cloud resources. The<br>presented approach leads to a flexible RAN that is robust<br>to the variations of capacity needs. Furthermore, it allows<br>us to test very specific LoRa features, such as the detection<br>or demodulation, while bypassing the other ones including<br>the hardware RRH. The methodology and tools we<br>used to deploy a LoRa cloud RAN are detailed, and results<br>concerning the performance indicator (CPU load, memory<br>consumption) are provided as well.

Radio Resource Management in Convergence Technologies

2007 ◽  
pp. 810-815
Author(s):  
G. Sivaradje
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Radio Resource Management ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
User Mobility ◽  
End User ◽  
User Terminal ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Capacity Cost

Today we find a large number of wireless networks based on different radio access technologies (RATs) and standards. Furthermore, new RATs will be developed to complement those that exist already today. Each RAT will have its strengths and weaknesses with respect to capacity, cost, achievable data rates, and support for end user mobility. As no single RAT will be able to fully support all service and user requirements, B3G networks will integrate multiple RATs in a common network. It can be anticipated that within a few years’ time, a user terminal (UT) will have a choice of access technologies via which it can connect to the fixed communication infrastructure.

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