scholarly journals How Trend of Increasing Data Volume Affects the Energy Efficiency of 5G Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Josip Lorincz ◽  
Zonimir Klarin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Density Class ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
The Impact

As the rapid growth of mobile users and Internet-of-Everything devices will continue in the upcoming decade, more and more network capacity will be needed to accommodate such a constant increase in data volumes (DVs). To satisfy such a vast DV increase, the implementation of the fifth-generation (5G) and future sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks will be based on heterogeneous networks (HetNets) composed of macro base stations (BSs) dedicated to ensuring basic signal coverage and capacity, and small BSs dedicated to satisfying capacity for increased DVs at locations of traffic hotspots. An approach that can accommodate constantly increasing DVs is based on adding additional capacity in the network through the deployment of new BSs as DV increases. Such an approach represents an implementation challenge to mobile network operators (MNOs), which is reflected in the increased power consumption of the radio access part of the mobile network and degradation of network energy efficiency (EE). In this study, the impact of the expected increase of DVs through the 2020s on the EE of the 5G radio access network (RAN) was analyzed by using standardized data and coverage EE metrics. An analysis was performed for five different macro and small 5G BS implementation and operation scenarios and for rural, urban, dense-urban and indoor-hotspot device density classes (areas). The results of analyses reveal a strong influence of increasing DV trends on standardized data and coverage EE metrics of 5G HetNets. For every device density class characterized with increased DVs, we here elaborate on the process of achieving the best and worse combination of data and coverage EE metrics for each of the analyzed 5G BSs deployment and operation approaches. This elaboration is further extended on the analyses of the impact of 5G RAN instant power consumption and 5G RAN yearly energy consumption on values of standardized EE metrics. The presented analyses can serve as a reference in the selection of the most appropriate 5G BS deployment and operation approach, which will simultaneously ensure the transfer of permanently increasing DVs in a specific device density class and the highest possible levels of data and coverage EE metrics.

scholarly journals Cell Throughput based Sleep Control Scheme for Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Prapassorn Phaiwitthayaphorn ◽  
Kazuo Mori ◽  
Hideo Kobayashi ◽  
Pisit Boonsrimuang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sleep Control

The mobile traffic continuously grows at a rapid rate driven by the widespread use of wireless devices. Along with that, the demands for higher data rate and better coverage lead to increase in power consumption and operating cost of network infrastructure. The concept of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has been proposed as a promising approach to provide higher coverage and capacity for cellular networks. HetNet is an advanced network consisting of multiple kinds of base stations, i.e., macro base station (MBS), and small base station (SBS). The overlay of many SBSs into the MBS coverage can provide higher network capacity and better coverage in cellular networks. However, the dense deployment of SBSs would cause an increase in the power consumption, leading to a decrease in the energy efficiency in downlink cellular networks. Another technique to improve energy efficiency while reducing power consumption in the network is to introduce sleep control for SBSs. This paper proposes cell throughput based sleep control which the cell capacity ratio for the SBSs is employed as decision criteria to put the SBSs into a sleep state. The simulation results for downlink communications demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves the energy efficiency, compared with the conventional scheme.

scholarly journals A Novel Coordinated Edge Caching with Request Filtration in Radio Access Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Yuemei Xu ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Song Ci
Keyword(s):  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Content Caching ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Caching Scheme ◽  
Average Latency

Content caching at the base station of the Radio Access Network (RAN) is a way to reduce backhaul transmission and improve the quality of experience. So it is crucial to manage such massive microcaches to store the contents in a coordinated manner, in order to increase the overall mobile network capacity to support more number of requests. We achieve this goal in this paper with a novel caching scheme, which reduces the repeating traffic by request filtration and asynchronous multicast in a RAN. Request filtration can make the best use of the limited bandwidth and in turn ensure the good performance of the coordinated caching. Moreover, the storage at the mobile devices is also considered to be used to further reduce the backhaul traffic and improve the users’ experience. In addition, we drive the optimal cache division in this paper with the aim of reducing the average latency user perceived. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing algorithms.

scholarly journals One Step Greener: Reducing 5G and Beyond Networks’ Carbon Footprint by 2-Tiering Energy Efficiency with CO2 Offsetting

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Carlos Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro Sebastião ◽  
Nuno Souto ◽  
Américo Correia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Mobile Service ◽  
Service Usage ◽  
Mobile Network Operators

Fifth generation (5G) and Beyond-5G (B5G) will be characterized by highly dense deployments, both on network plane and user plane. Internet of Things, massive sensor deployments and base stations will drive even more energy consumption. User behavior towards mobile service usage is witnessing a paradigm shift with heavy capacity, demanding services resulting in an increase of both screen time and data transfers, which leads to additional power consumption. Mobile network operators will face additional energetic challenges, mainly related to power consumption and network sustainability, starting right in the planning phase with concepts like energy efficiency and greenness by design coming into play. The main contribution of this work is a two-tier method to address such challenges leading to positively-offset carbon dioxide emissions related to mobile networks using a novel approach. The first tier contributes to overall power reduction and optimization based on energy efficient methods applied to 5G and B5G networks. The second tier aims to offset the remaining operational power usage by completely offsetting its carbon footprint through geosequestration. This way, we show that the objective of minimizing overall networks’ carbon footprint is achievable. Conclusions are drawn and it is shown that carbon sequestration initiatives or program adherence represent a negligible cost impact on overall network cost, with the added value of greener and more environmentally friendly network operation. This can also relieve the pressure on mobile network operators in order to maximize compliance with environmentally neutral activity.

Energy Efficiency in the Cloud Radio Access Network ( C‐RAN ) for 5G Mobile Networks

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-248
Author(s):  
Isiaka Ajewale Alimi ◽  
Abdelgader M. Abdalla ◽  
Akeem Olapade Mufutau ◽  
Fernando Pereira Guiomar ◽  
Ifiok Otung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
5G Mobile Networks

scholarly journals Optimizing Energy Efficiency for Supporting Near-Cloud Access Region of UAV-Based NOMA Networks in IoT Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Huu Q. Tran ◽  
Ca V. Phan ◽  
Quoc-Tuan Vien
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Allocation ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Power Splitting ◽  
Power Domain ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Channel Environment

Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are two promising technologies for the wireless fifth generation (5G) networks and beyond. On the one hand, UAVs can be deployed as flying base stations to build line-of-sight (LoS) communication links to two ground users (GUs) and to improve the performance of conventional terrestrial cellular networks. On the other hand, NOMA enables the share of an orthogonal resource to multiple users simultaneously, thus improving the spectral efficiency and supporting massive connectivities. This paper presents two protocols, namely, cloud-based central station- (CCS-) based power-splitting protocol (PSR) and time-switching protocol (TSR), for simultaneous wireless information and power transmission (SWIPT) at UAV employed in power domain NOMA-based multitier heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) of Internet of Things (IoT) system. The system model with k types of UAVs and two users in which the CCS manages the entire H-CRAN and operates as a central unit in the cloud is proposed in our work. Closed-form expressions of throughput and energy efficiency (EE) for UAVs are derived. In particular, the EE is determined for the impacts of power allocation at CCS, various UAV types, and channel environment. The simulation results show that the performance for CCS-based PSR outperforms that for CCS-based TSR for the impacts of power allocation at the CCS. On the contrary, the TSR protocol has a higher EE than the PSR in the cases of the impact of various UAV types and channel environment. The analytic results match Monte Carlo simulations.

scholarly journals C Ran Towards 5g Networks in Virtual Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.7) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
K R.R Mohan ◽  
G Vennela ◽  
M Sai Kumar ◽  
Ch Satya Srinivas ◽  
A Harsha
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
5G Systems ◽  
Current Systems

Cloud radio access network is an adaptable mobile network architecture with exponential development of portable traffic and the prerequisites of up and coming administrations are further pushing the cut-off points on current versatile systems; subsequently, overall research interests have moved toward 5G world that view which can address many challenges that mobile operators confront while attempting to support ever-growing end-user’s needs towards 5th generation of mobile networks. Be that as it may, 5G systems are most certainly not to be sent until 2020; subsequently, there is a requirement for answers for address expanding requests of current systems, without acquiring colossal expenses on administrators. This paper proposes on-request organization of portable little cells, utilizing either client versatile handsets or remote radio units and non-aware power utilization of different hosts and virtual machines.  

Network Throughput and Outage Analysis in a Poisson and Matérn Cluster based LTE-Advanced Small Cell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Cell ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
The Impact

<div>In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.</div>

scholarly journals Energy-Effective Power Control Algorithm with Mobility Prediction for 5G Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyebin Park ◽  
Yujin Lim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobility Prediction ◽  
Switching Operation ◽  
Cloud Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Power Control Algorithm ◽  
Heterogeneous Cloud

In 5G networks, heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) is considered a promising future architecture to minimize energy consumption and efficiently allocate resources. However, with the increase in the number of users, studies are performed to overcome the energy consumption problems. In this study, we propose a power control algorithm with mobility prediction to provide a high-energy efficiency for 5G H-CRAN. In particular, the proposed algorithm predicts UE mobility in vehicular mobility scenarios and performs remote radio head (RRH) switching operations based on % prediction results. We formulate an optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency while satisfying the outage probability requirement. We then propose an RRH switching operation based on Markov mobility prediction and optimize the transmission power based on a gradient method. Simulation results demonstrate the improved energy efficiency compared with those of existing RRH switching-operation algorithms.

scholarly journals Autonomous UAV Simulator for Research and Development Applied to 5G Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Dias Vinagre Neto ◽  
Ailton Pinto de Oliveira ◽  
Felipe Henrique Bastos e Bastos ◽  
Emerson Oliveira Junior ◽  
Aldebaro Klautau
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Channel Evolution ◽  
Product Delivery ◽  
Intense Research

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being used in many applications,such as surveillance and product delivery. Currently, manyUAVs are controlled by WiFi or proprietary radio technologies.However, it is envisioned that 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networkscan connect the UAVs and increase the overall security due to improvedcontrol by operators and governments. Soon, UAVs willalso be used as mobile radio base stations to extend reach or improvethe network capacity. All this motivates intense research on5G technologies for supporting UAV-based applications. However,there are currently few simulation tools for testing and investigatingtelecommunication systems that involve UAV solutions. Forinstance, modern 5G networks use multiple antennas that enablebeamforming. A realistic simulation, in this case, requires not onlysupport for beamforming but also for realistic UAV trajectories,which impact the communication channel evolution over time. Toevaluate scenarios with connected UAVs, this paper presents a toolthat simulates flights in a virtual environment, gathers informationabout the channels among UAVs and the mobile network, andcalculates performance indicators regarding the communicationsystem.

scholarly journals SDR Enabled C-RAN Implementation using OpenAirInterface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem Olapade Mufutau ◽  
Fernando Pedro Guiomar ◽  
Arnaldo Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Pereira Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Continuous Dynamic ◽  
Cloud Ran

Abstract Towards enabling 5G radio access technologies and beyond to meet the requirements for continuous dynamic and diverse services, flexibility and scalability of the cellular network are therefore pertinent. The utilization of software-defined radio (SDR) aided with an open-source platform and virtualization techniques are increasingly exposing the realization of desirable flexibility for radio access network (RAN) while enabling the development of a prototype which can be directed at fostering further mobile network research activities. In this paper, we review OpenAirInterface (OAI) implementation and present an OAI based cloud RAN (C-RAN) testbed with which mobile fronthaul (MFH) solutions can be tested.

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