Digital State Strategy

2022 ◽  
pp. 435-488
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Graphical Models ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Smart City ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Configuration

The purpose of this chapter is to characterize indicators used to advance the computerization of various countries in the European Union (EU) and across the globe. To this end, typical state computerization configurations are classified, and graphical models of critical computerization application systems are presented for each type. Smart city concepts are included in one of the configurations. The chapter begins by examining the history of the development of computerization in the state. It then discusses how, in the 21st century, computerization has changed the relationship between governments and businesses. Next, criteria for assessing computerization are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of different computerization configurations, including the state offline configuration (SOFC), state online configuration (SONC), state integrated configuration (SITC), and others. The chapter concludes by examining Poland's state configuration, which aimed at helping their economic strategy during 2016-2020.

Twenty Years of CJEU Jurisprudence on Citizenship

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-834
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. Gerard-René de Groot ◽  
Ngo Chun Luk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Member States ◽  
Constant Friction ◽  
Union Citizenship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

The history of the European Union has been fraught with constant friction between the sovereignty of the Member States and the supranational powers of the Union, with the Union gaining terrain in fields of law traditionally belonging to the Member States. Despite this tension, certain legal fields are steadfastly asserted as belonging to the Member States. Notably, Member States regulate the grounds of the acquisition and loss of nationality. The Treaty of Lisbon highlights that the nationality of Member States is scarcely governed by European Union law, if at all. The sole provision governing the relationship between Member State nationality and Union law, i.e., Article 20 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) stresses the primacy of Member State nationality.Reality, however, is often not as simple as such a cursory reading implies. European Union citizenship, once a mere complementary facet of the national citizenships, has transformed into an institution in its own right, forming a symbiotic relationship between the Member State nationality and the European Union.

scholarly journals 21ST CENTURY SKILLS IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE QUALITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Inga Zeide ◽  
Indra Odiņa
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
European Union ◽  
21St Century ◽  
21St Century Skills ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
The Relationship

The article addresses comparative qualitative content analysis as a part of the grounded theory research to explore the relationship between English language proficiency of economically active adults and their quality of life. Using comparative qualitative content analysis of the policy documents in respect of lifelong learning as main data collection method, the authors of the article aim to identify the relationship between the 21st century skills and indicators of life quality by comparing the sources that define the 21st century skills and analysing them in the context of the “8+1” dimensions of life quality offered by the European Union. The following research questions have been proposed: how 21st century skills are defined in the policy documents and how they relate to the quality of human life. The analysis of European Parliament, Council of the European Union, Word Economic Forum and Eurostat policies, models, strategies and their implementation in respect of lifelong learning reveals existing gaps and points at the urgent need in profiling the development of human skills to enhance human well-being and life quality in Europe. Besides, developing new skills and improving existing ones can be a tool for improving the quality of life in the future, whereas the dimensions of life quality can serve as a prerequisite for skills development.  

scholarly journals Does Energy Dependence Threaten the State Economy?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Eliska Strakova ◽  
Eva Kalinova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Relationship

The combination of the need to adjust the energy mix in favor of the environment and the demands on energy consumption and at the same time on the economic growth of states leads to an increase in energy dependence. The high level of energy dependence is often cited as a potential threat to the economic growth of the state. The aim of the paper is to find out whether there is a correlation between macroeconomic indicators and the degree of energy dependence. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient, we examine the strength of the relationship between GDP, trade balance, inflation, unemployment and the degree of energy dependence on the example of the states of the European Union in the period 2005 2018. The results of the research show that the relationship between the degree of energy dependence and macroeconomic indicators for the European Union is completely individual and the strength and direction of correlation varies from country to country. Combining the degree of energy dependence in general with the direct threat to economic growth therefore proves to be misleading and it is necessary to always deal with a specific state in this matter and take into account other factors that could affect the relationship under study. These conclusions represent the beginning of a paradigm shift that energy dependence threatens the state economy, and therefore more emphasis can be placed on other aspects, such as the environmental ones, when adopting new energy strategies.

scholarly journals The Declaration of Helinski Revised by the World Medical Organisation, Edinburgh 2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Erwin Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Experimental Subject ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Declaration Of Helsinki ◽  
The World ◽  
Medical Organisation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

This is an edited version of a paper delivered at a conference in Gijon, Spain in 2001. Professor Deutsch provides an introduction to, and overview of, the recently revised Declaration of Helsinki. Early sets of international rules put the benefit and the wellbeing of the experimental subject in the first place and insist on weighing the benefit and the danger of the experiment against each other. The article covers the history of the Declaration, arguments about reforming the Declaration, a critique of the New Declaration of Helsinki 2000, and the relationship between the Declaration and the European Union. 

11. The Changing Relations of the UK with the EU

2021 ◽  
pp. 397-422
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

The history of the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union from its beginning has been, if nothing else, a very vacillating one, and even at the beginning, the UK was a ‘reluctant’ partner in the European project. This chapter will outline the changing legal and political relationship before, during, and after ‘Brexit’, as the negotiations for the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU) came to be known. The departure, on 31 January 2020, and complete separation on 31 December 2020, placed the UK as a third country to the EU as regards its new trading relationship, is also considered.

scholarly journals The EU law and the law of third countries: problems of interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Viacheslavovich Galushko ◽  
Natalya Valerievna Oganova ◽  
Andrey Leonidovich Belousov ◽  
Elena Valerievna Grigorovich ◽  
Aleksey Valerievich Sereda
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Respective State ◽  
The Eu

The article discusses the problems of the interaction process of legal systems of international integration organizations with law of states that are not members of those entities. The research has been conducted on the example of the European Union. The authors conclude that the degree of influence of the international treaties between the EU and third countries on the legal orders of these states differs depending on the level of cooperation between the parties, which is precisely determined by such agreements. The European Union law is the main means of spreading the influence of the European Union on the legal systems of non-member states. Approximation of national legislation with the European Union’s acquis is a consistent process of approximation of the legal system of the state, including legislation, lawmaking, legal technique, law enforcement practice in accordance with the criteria set by the Union. Peculiarities of the legal approximation of law of particular states with law of the European Union are determined by the nature of the relationship between those subjects, by the goals set for such cooperation and fixed in mutual international treaties, as well as by the peculiarities of the state mechanism and the legal system of the respective state. Consequently, regarding European Union – Russia interaction in the field, regulatory engagement can be hardly called as efficient, smooth, and cloudless.

scholarly journals Prawa i obowiązki kierujących pojazdami oraz uprawnienia organów kontroli w świetle nowych przepisów o kontroli ruchu drogowego

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-289
Author(s):  
Artur Mezglewski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the publication is to assess the actual legal effects caused by the new regulation of 5 November 2019 on road traffic control in the area of the relationship between the inspector and the inspector. Contrary to widespread media views, the new provisions do not contain any revolutionary changes, but merely recite to the state legal order the European Union regulations of 2014 regarding technical inspections of commercial vehicles, or renew the old provisions of the repealed regulation. It is also noted that the new regulation includes several provisions that were issued without statutory delegation and relate to the rights and obligations of drivers. Their legality is therefore questionable.

scholarly journals COOPERATION BETWEEN ARCHITECTS AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS IN THE DESIGN OF COMPLEX REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF STRUCTURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nađa Kurtović Folić
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Structural Engineer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Structural Engineers ◽  
The Relationship

The history of the relationship between architects and structural engineers went through a series of phases from the mid-19th century, when reinforced concrete began to be technologically advanced. This relationship had its ups and downs, but it became especially important when large covered spaces were formed. Both architects and structural engineers tend to make the reinforced concrete roofs more attractive, but their design is therefore becoming more and more complex. This complexity directly reflects on the relation between the architect and the engineer, on the mutual understanding of the idea and the possibility of materializing it. This paper will deal in more detail with this problem by analysing several important examples, based on which a conclusion can be drawn on the state of this relationship in the 21st century and points out the need to harmonize the relationship between the architect and the structural engineer.

scholarly journals The Illiberal Challenge in the EU: Exploring the Parallel with Illiberal Minorities and the Example of Hungary

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Zsolt Körtvélyesi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

The long history of liberal multiculturalist theories grappling with the challenge posed by illiberal minorities – Parallel with the illiberal challenge in the European Union – Differences between the state/minority focus, the cultural/political considerations, the individual/systemic violations – Why these do not undermine the parallel – Propositions from multiculturalist theories to draw the line between toleration and legitimate interference – Severity, internal consensus, the exit option, and historical agreements – Forms of engagement to strengthen coherence, fairness, and solidarity

EU–China Cooperation along the New Silk Road

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-66
Author(s):  
Marijk van der Wende
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Policy Actor ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines higher education cooperation between the European Union (EU) and China in terms of its history, rationales, goals, mechanisms, instruments, and effects. It will first position the EU as a major policy actor in research and higher education and present a short history of its relations with China in these fields. It will sketch how this relationship has evolved over time, including the gradual changes to the modus operandi. An assessment will be made of policy effects and impacts, with a view to the search for a more balanced relationship. To what extent are the EU’s and China’s policies driven by common (global) goals? What are the patterns of convergence, divergence, cooperation, and competition? Are flows, partnerships and conditions for cooperation balanced? Challenges and persistent imbalances will be discussed with a view to how the relationship may be shaped in the next phase.

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