Blockchain Primer

2022 ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Kuhail ◽  
Sujith S. Mathew ◽  
Rawad Hammad ◽  
Mohamed Bahja
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize several industries including finance, supply chain and logistics, healthcare, and more. This primer introduces readers to basic development skills to blockchain foundations including blockchain cryptography, the consensus algorithm, and smart contracts. Further, this primer explains stepwise how to implement and deploy basic data stores using blockchain with Python. The primer serves as a succinct introductory guide to blockchain foundations by relying on a case study illustrated with visuals together with instructions on implementation. This primer is intended for educators, students, and technology enthusiasts with foundational computer science and Python development skills.

scholarly journals Third Party Certification of Agri-Food Supply Chain Using Smart Contracts and Blockchain Tokens

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5307
Author(s):  
Ricardo Borges dos Santos ◽  
Nunzio Marco Torrisi ◽  
Rodrigo Palucci Pantoni
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
The Public ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Every consumer’s buying decision at the supermarket influences food brands to make first party claims of sustainability and socially responsible farming methods on their agro-product labels. Fine wines are often subject to counterfeit along the supply chain to the consumer. This paper presents a method for efficient unrestricted publicity to third party certification (TPC) of plant agricultural products, starting at harvest, using smart contracts and blockchain tokens. The method is capable of providing economic incentives to the actors along the supply chain. A proof-of-concept using a modified Ethereum IGR token set of smart contracts using the ERC-1155 standard NFTs was deployed on the Rinkeby test net and evaluated. The main findings include (a) allowing immediate access to TPC by the public for any desired authority by using token smart contracts. (b) Food safety can be enhanced through TPC visible to consumers through mobile application and blockchain technology, thus reducing counterfeiting and green washing. (c) The framework is structured and maintained because participants obtain economical incentives thus leveraging it´s practical usage. In summary, this implementation of TPC broadcasting through tokens can improve transparency and sustainable conscientious consumer behaviour, thus enabling a more trustworthy supply chain transparency.

Supply chain, geographical indicator and blockchain: provenance model for commodity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohita Gangwar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Right ◽  
Theory Framework

PurposeMany commodity supply chains suffer from an unfair value distribution across the supply chain like “Coffee Paradox.” This study explores the coffee supply chain to determine how the country of origin–geographical indicator can be used as a method of fair distribution of value and provenance across the supply chain effectuated by the blockchain technology. By looking at an exemplar case study for India, this study provides insights into diverse research streams and practice.Design/methodology/approachBased on the case method, analyzing the implementation of blockchain in the coffee industry by a leading Indian software implementation of the logic, dynamics and forces for a provenance model has been devised. It further adopts a stakeholder cum institutional theory framework to understand the logical implementation of a blockchain project embedded in a territorial logic for a commodity supply chain.FindingsThis study specifically looks at coffee which is representative of a commodity supply chain. It also explores how the malaise of unfair value distribution gets addressed by bringing farmers and the consumers on a common platform facilitated by blockchain technology. This study contributes to the literature on blockchain, territory, commodity and supply chain. Using stakeholder cum institutional theory, this study helps to explore how the implementation is successful by different actors in the supply chain through collaboration.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a new stream of multi-disciplinary study at the interface of supply chain, technology, international trade and geography.Practical implicationsBlockchains are embedded in the supply chain, and supply chains are embedded in territories. This linkage is paramount and the ability to make these blockchain projects successful requires the deep study of the interaction of territory, technology and actors from the provenance angle. De-commodification of coffee can be actualized through blockchain.Social implicationsThe coffee paradox and skewed value distribution is also a social problem wherein the farmers do not get the right price of their produce and are exploited. This case also highlights how this social malaise can be addressed and rightful and equitable distribution of value happens across the value chain.Originality/valueThis linkage between territory, blockchain, commodity supply chain and institutions has not been discussed in the literature. Adopting the territorial design approach, this study is an attempt to stimulate inter-disciplinary conversations and thereby create a provenance framework for commodity and research questions for scholars from different disciplines and divergent disciplinary perspectives.

Business financing and blockchain technology adoption in agroindustry

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arief Rijanto
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
New Business ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Business Financing

Purpose This paper aims to explore patterns of business financing and adoption of blockchain technology in the agricultural industry. The adoption of blockchain technology in terms of recording, storing, validating and securing data can solve a variety of agricultural problems such as agricultural business financing. If the banking and insurance industries are connected in real-time to activity data in the agricultural industry, they can create better credit ratings and profile models. So, finally, all parties in the agricultural industry have a greater chance to get business financing from banks. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a case study research approach with a framework of analysis of the theory of adoption of technology, organization and environment (TOE) and the theory of “mindfulness of adoption”. The case study method has advantages when verification is still questioned or the application of certain theories in practice as phenomena and contexts that occur in the field in accordance with the application of blockchain technology into a relatively new business, both technically and practically in the field. Findings The findings indicate that there are no barriers to the availability of blockchain technology for technology adoption. The characteristics of this technology are very suitable for solving financing and supply chain business problems in the agricultural industry. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in agriculture shows that there is complexity in the organizational context involving internal and external organizations. The number of organizations and small parties involved in the agricultural process challenges the adoption of blockchain technology as new technology. Then, the external environment of technology, especially government regulations in developing countries, is still an obstacle to the adoption of blockchain technology. Research limitations/implications This study faces several limitations, namely, the limited case of implementation of the blockchain technology due to the novelty of technology and government regulation. So that further research related to the adoption of blockchain technology needs to be done using field data such as surveys. Research related to the connectivity of the banking industry and other financial institutions also needs to be explored further, especially in creating a data-based credit risk model of the blockchain system. Originality/value On the practical side, case studies of technology adoption and its relationship with the financing of agricultural business are still little explored so this study contributes to exploring the application of blockchain technology in the agricultural industry. The adoption of blockchain technology has an impact not only on farmers but also on all parties involved in the supply chain including banks, insurance and other financial institutions. In addition, the distributed data exchange business model using blockchain technology is a new business model in the agriculture industry.

scholarly journals Are Smart Contracts and Blockchains Suitable for Decentralized Railway Control?

Ledger ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kuperberg ◽  
Daniel Kindler ◽  
Sabina Jeschke
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Approach ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
System State ◽  
Specialized Software ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Railway Operations ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Condition Based Monitoring

Conventional railway operations employ specialized software and hardware to ensure safe and secure train operations. Track occupation and signaling are governed by central control offices, while trains (and their drivers) receive instructions. To make this setup more dynamic, the train operations can be decentralized by enabling the trains to find routes and make decisions which are safeguarded and protocolled in an auditable manner. In this paper, we present the case study findings of a first-of-its-kind blockchain-based prototype implementation for railway control, based on decentralization but also ensuring that the overall system state remains conflict-free and safe. We also show how a blockchain-based approach simplifies usage billing and enables a train-to-train/machine-to-machine economy. Finally, first ideas addressing the use of blockchain technology as a life-cycle approach for condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance in train operations are outlined.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Supply Chain Traceability for COVID-19 PPE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhaam Omar ◽  
Mazin Debe ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Mohammed Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Frontline Workers ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Lack Of Information

<div>The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted many industries, in particular the healthcare sector exposing systemic vulnerabilities in emergency preparedness, risk mitigation, and supply chain management. A major challenge during the pandemic was related to the increased demand of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) resulting in critical shortages for healthcare and frontline workers. The lack of information visibility combined with the inability to precisely track product movement within the supply chain requires an robust traceability solution. Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger that ensures a transparent,</div><div>safe, and secure exchange of data among supply chain stakeholders. The advantages of adopting blockchain technology to manage and track PPE products in the supply chain include decentralized control, security, traceability,</div><div>and auditable time-stamped transactions. In this paper, we present a blockchain-based approach using smart contracts to transform PPE supply chain operations. We propose a generic framework using Ethereum smart contracts and</div><div>decentralized storage systems to automate the processes and information exchange and present detailed algorithms that capture the interactions among supply chain stakeholders. The smart contract code was developed and tested in Remix environment, and the code is made publicly available on Github. We present detailed cost and security analysis incurred by the stakeholders in the supply chain. Adopting a blockchain-based solution for PPE supply chains is economically viable and provides a streamlined, secure, trusted, and transparent mode of communication among various stakeholders.</div>

Blockchain Application to the SMEs in the Food Industry

2022 ◽  
pp. 19-42
Author(s):  
Daniel Ruzza ◽  
Lorenza Morandini ◽  
Alessandro Chelli
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Trace Components

The agri-food sector is the highest application of blockchain technology to track and trace components and raw material along the supply chain. Blockchain presents many potential advantages; however, small and medium enterprises often lack the means and knowledge to exploit this technology fully. This chapter presents a case study of blockchain application, namely Trusty, a platform for the notarization of fully traceable information on blockchain in the agri-food sector. Thanks to its limited up-front implementation costs and its modularity, it seems particularly suitable for use by SMEs. The authors' goal is to identify some useful issues for practitioners and inspiration for future research for academics. The most relevant topics that will be placed are (1) needs and expectations of SMEs in the agri-food sector towards the blockchain, (2) difficulties of introducing blockchain into SMEs, (3) the agnostic approach to blockchain, (4) the different value of notarized information for B2B and B2C companies, and (5) limits of some blockchains compared to others.

scholarly journals Blockchain Design for Securing Supply Chain Management in Coffee Retailer Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 492-502
Author(s):  
Urshila Ravindran ◽  
Pragya Bhardwaj ◽  
P. Raghu Vamsi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Distributed Environment ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Asset Tracking ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Proposed Model

Blockchain is a trusted distributed ledger shared across the business processes. Blockchain technology focuses on automating tasks in a distributed environment. Proving as one of the effective platforms, it helps in mapping the physical commodities to the digital ledger. A digital ledger is like an electronic register for storing the transactions that are taking place among various commodities. The physical commodities include suppliers, manufacturers, exporters, consumers and distributors wherein the distributor plays a major role in determining the product standards. To this end, this paper presents a Blockchain design for securing Supply Chain Management (SCM) in Coffee Retailer Network (CRN). The proposed design made with the view that it further be implemented with smart contracts to establish a private or consortium Blockchain application for the asset tracking processes in the coffee retailer network. The proposed model can bring transparency, sustainability and efficiency in asset tracking.

scholarly journals Blockchain Technology Trends in G20 Countries: The Case of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Husam AlFahl
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Technology Trends ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

This study aims to explore the usage trends of blockchain technology in the G20 countries, with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia. As an emerging technology, blockchain is already being widely used in a number of industries including in the financial and supply chain sectors. For the purpose of this research, a questionnaire was developed to explore the adoption trends of blockchain technology in Saudi organizations. Saudi Arabia was chosen to be the case study for the research topic, as it is one of the largest oil producers in the world and holds the presidency of the G20 in 2020. The results of the study showed that some organizations in Saudi do not currently intend to implement blockchain technology and there is a lack of knowledge in some industries about this technology. Some of the obstacles preventing blockchain technology adoption were also identified.

scholarly journals Securing Pharmaceutical Supply Chain using Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Vishwesh Lingayat ◽  
Isha Pardikar ◽  
Shubham Yewalekar ◽  
Shyamal Khachane ◽  
Sachin Pande
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Manual Operation ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Production And Distribution

The production and distribution of counterfeit drugs is an urgent and increasingly critical worldwide issue, especially in pandemics. The imperfect supply chain system in the pharmaceutical industry is one of the reasons for drug counterfeiting. Drugs ownership changes from manufacturers to wholesaler, distributor, and then pharmacist before it reaches the customer thus making it difficult to keep track of it. In this paper, we have compared the existing proposed architectures of blockchain and IoT based supply chain management systems. The system implemented using hyper ledger fabric ensures sharing, storing, transparency, and traceability of data in each link of the supply chain. On the other hand, Ethereum architecture utilized the features of smart contracts to manage the interactions between sender and receiver. Finally, the study mainly focuses on increasing the safety of pharmaceutical products and reducing the manual operation of the supply chain with the most efficient architecture.

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