Surveillance Society in a Digitalized World

2022 ◽  
pp. 322-338
Author(s):  
Eyüp Al
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Digital Citizenship ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Digital Surveillance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Surveillance Society ◽  
New Situation

Although the surveillance society discussions have been carried out for a long time, they have recently moved to a different stage with the increase of digitalization. There is a new situation that changes the entire historical context of surveillance, and this new situation is briefly called digital surveillance. However, to make sense of digitalization and digital surveillance, it is necessary to explain how digital citizenship contributes to this process. Digitalization without digital citizenship is unthinkable. In short, this study will show the continuities and breaks of the phenomenon of surveillance in the historical process by shifting from classic surveillance practices to digital surveillance forms. Digital surveillance is considered to be much more complex, sophisticated, incomprehensible to all, and transcends all kinds of time and space boundaries compared to classic surveillance.

scholarly journals Risks inherent in the digital surveillance economy: A research agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Digital Surveillance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Surveillance Society ◽  
New Phase

The digitisation of data about the world relevant to business has given rise to a new phase of digitalisation of business itself. The digitisation of data about people has linked with the notions of information society, surveillance society, surveillance state and surveillance capitalism, and given rise to what is referred to in this article as the digital surveillance economy. At the heart of this is a new form of business model that is predicated on the acquisition and consolidation of very large volumes of personal data, and its exploitation to target advertisements, manipulate consumer behaviour, and price goods and services at the highest level that each individual is willing to bear. In the words of the model’s architects, users are ‘bribed’ and ‘induced’ to make their data available at minimal cost to marketers. The digital surveillance economy harbours serious threats to the interests of individuals, societies and polities. That in turn creates risks for corporations. The new economic wave may prove to be a tsunami that swamps the social dimension and washes away the last five centuries’ individualism and humanism. Alternatively, institutional adaptation might occur, overcoming the worst of the negative impacts; or a breaking-point could be reached and consumers might rebel against corporate domination. A research agenda is proposed, to provide a framework within which alternative scenarios can be investigated.

scholarly journals Well-being and Sustainable Development of Mining Regions: the Universal Basic Income

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 04035
Author(s):  
Oleg Mazavin ◽  
Mikhail Kaz ◽  
Irina Roshchina
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Mining Regions

The article presents the results of the analysis of the practice of implementation the concept of universal basic income. It is shown that in estimating the results of a series of experiments in this field, conducted in a number of countries, it is recommended to abandon the approach based on the positivist point of view. For a long time, it dominated science in general and economic research in particular, but it continues to influence many researchers today. This conclusion should be taken into account in the formation of the structure and composition of regions’ welfare indices. The research materials are placed in a broad historical context. On the one hand, this made it possible to more vividly present the prerequisites, characteristics and consequences of repeated attempts to introduce universal basic income into the practice of social insurance, undertaken in different countries of the world (Finland, Canada, Kenya, Iran, India, USA). On the other hand, to reveal the possibilities and problems of using universal basic income as a tool to help overcome the dysfunctional development of certain territories, including mining regions.

A profound view and discourse on the typification and status of three confused taxa: Ruppia maritima, R. spiralis and R. cirrhosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelis den Hartog ◽  
Ludwig Triest
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Ruppia Maritima ◽  
Ruppia Cirrhosa ◽  
Long Time

AbstractTaxonomic difficulties have persisted within the genus Ruppia for a long time. We first unravel misconceptions as perceived on different continents and subsequently present a revised interpretation of the identity and typification of three European taxa at species level: Ruppia maritima L., Ruppia spiralis L. ex Dumortier, and Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande. To do this, historical specimens, illustrations and original descriptions were studied. We supersede a previous choice of the figure of Buccaferrea maritima, foliis minus acutis Micheli (1729) as the lectotype of R. maritima and type species of the genus Ruppia owing to a serious conflict with the protologue. Based on a meticulous interpretation of protologues and figures in a historical context, we reject the recent view of assigning R. cirrhosa and its proposed lectotype (iconotype) as a homotypic synonym of R. maritima. We agree with an earlier lectotypification of R. spiralis, though for another reason than the above-mentioned abused homotypy. Consequently, R. cirrhosa is a synonym of neither R. maritima or R. spiralis, based on material from Petagna in the Herbarium of Naples designated as the holotype of R. cirrhosa. We argue for three species to be considered as fully independent taxa: R. maritima, R. spiralis and R. cirrhosa.

scholarly journals Policing the Imperial Periphery: The Philippine-American War and the Origins of U.S. Global Surveillance

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-26
Author(s):  
Alfred William McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Information Infrastructure ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Digital Surveillance ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Current Controversy ◽  
The U.S

Using a methodology that inserts the current controversy over NSA surveillance into its historical context, this essay traces the origins of U.S. internal security back to America’s emergence as a global power circa 1898. In the succeeding century, Washington’s information infrastructure advanced through three technological regimes: first, the manual during the Philippine War (1898–1907); next, the computerized in the Vietnam War (1963–75); and, recently, the robotic in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001–14). While these military missions have skirted defeat if not disaster, the information infrastructure, as if driven by some in-built engineering, has advanced to higher levels of data management and coercive capacity. With costs for conventional military occupations now becoming prohibitive, the U.S. will likely deploy, circa 2020, its evolving robotic regime—with a triple-canopy aerospace shield, advanced cyberwarfare, and digital surveillance—to envelop the earth in an electronic grid capable of blinding entire armies on the battlefield or atomizing a single insurgent in field or favela.

Created Soul—Eternal Spirit: A Continuing Theological Thorn

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Kenneth Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Long Time ◽  
God's Image ◽  
Spiritual Consciousness ◽  
As If

Discussing in the Institutes the nature of God's image in man, Calvin refers to the dream of the Manichees, which Servetus has attempted in our own day to revive. Because it is said that God breathed into man's nostrils the breath of life (Gen. 2.7), they thought that the soul was a transmission of the substance of God; as if some portion of the boundless divinity had passed into man. It cannot take long time to show how many gross and foul absurdities this devilish error carries in its train.1In our own day this view, which Calvin takes to be so fatal an error, is very much alive. Occasionally it is expressed in terms not dissimilar from those described by Calvin.2 More often, however, it appears in a more generalised form, where man's possession of a spiritual consciousness is taken to prove that the Divine is latent within him. Spirit is regarded above all as the vehicle by means of which the eternal penetrates the temporal. God himself moves in man, so that human consciousness cannot be satisfied with anything belonging to time and space, our transient world; instead, it strives continually to attain to its proper supramundane dimension.The Platonic inspiration of such a view is evident when it is advanced as a distinctive argument: for example, in Rufus M. Jones' West Lectures, Spirit in Man.3

scholarly journals Free radially expanding liquid sheet in air: time- and space-resolved measurement of the thickness field

2015 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 428-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Vernay ◽  
L. Ramos ◽  
C. Ligoure
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Liquid Sheet ◽  
Radial Position ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Time Regime ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Thickness Field

AbstractThe collision of a liquid drop against a small target results in the formation of a thin liquid sheet that extends radially until it reaches a maximum diameter. The subsequent retraction is due to the air–liquid surface tension. We have used a time- and space-resolved technique to measure the thickness field of this class of liquid sheet, based on the grey-level measurement of the image of a dyed liquid sheet recorded using a high-speed camera. This method enables a precise measurement of the thickness in the range $10{-}450~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$, with a temporal resolution equal to that of the camera. We have measured the evolution with time since impact, $t$, and radial position, $r$, of the thickness, $h(r,t)$, for various drop volumes and impact velocities. Two asymptotic regimes for the expansion of the sheet are evidenced. The scalings of the thickness with $t$ and $r$ measured in the two regimes are those that were predicted by Rozhkov et al. (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 460, 2004, pp. 2681–2704) for the short-time regime and Villermaux and Bossa (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 668, 2011, pp. 412–435) for the long-time regime, but never experimentally measured before. Interestingly, our experimental data also provide evidence for the existence of a maximum of the film thickness $h_{max}(r)$ at a radial position $r_{h_{max}}(t)$ corresponding to the cross-over of these two asymptotic regimes. The maximum moves with a constant velocity of the order of the drop impact velocity, as expected theoretically. Thanks to our visualization technique, we also provide evidence of an azimuthal thickness modulation of the liquid sheets.

scholarly journals Performance Composition of Johann Sebastian Bach’s Motets: Hypotheses and Discussions

2021 ◽  
pp. 198-208
Author(s):  
Dmytro Savon
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
A Cappella ◽  
German Language ◽  
Basso Continuo ◽  
Original Musical ◽  
Baroque Music ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Limited Opportunity

Relevance and scientific novelty of the selected topic of the research. The issues of the performance of J. S. Bach's motets has not been considered in Ukrainian musicology before, and in creative practice it has been decided unequivocally: choirs sang motets a cappella. However, in the world practice of motets today there are three variants of performance: in addition to singing unaccompanied, motets are performed with basso continuo (organ), as well as with basso continuo accompanied by instruments that duplicate choral parts (colla parte). The revision of performance approaches in world concert practice took place in parallel and, apparently, due to scientific achievements in the history of music, source studies and related fields. Cognitive was the discussion of the performance of Bach's motets, which for a long time (since 1904) unfolded in the Germanspeaking musicological environment. A thorough analysis of the historical context, the text of the motets, the connection with the performing practice, and on the other hand — the limited opportunity to get acquainted with German-language materials determine the relevance of this article, which systematizes the arguments and counterarguments of this controversy. The aim of the article is to consider the arguments of German scientists (Konrad Ameln, Klaus Hofmann, Alfred Heuss and others) on the tradition of performances of motets by J. S. Bach, to draw the attention of the performing and scientific community to the possibility of the existence of different versions of the performing composition in these works; emphasize the need for a performing search in the field of baroque music, in particular, in those aspects, which in the classicalromantic tradition are considered unambiguously fixed in the musical text. The following methods were used in the study: historical (analysed the dynamics of changes in the performing tradition of Bach's motets), the method of generalization (based on the study of musicological literature generalized arguments in favour of three types of performing motets). Main results and conclusions. Based on the analysis of information from German-language musicological research, it is stated that in the time of Bach there were three types of performance for his motets: 1) a cappella, 2) with basso continuo, 3) with basso continuo and instruments colla parte. Arguments for each type are systematized depending on whether they come from the study of historical context (external) or based on the study of the original musical text of motets (internal). It is noted that the plurality of variants of the performance composition allowed in today's practice should be realized by the conductor, who should not unconditionally accept the performance version proposed in the motets edition as the only correct one. The choice of performance is made by the conductor depending on the specifics of the performance situation.

scholarly journals Historical science and the problem of forecasting the vectors of social development

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Andrei Alexandrovich Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Forecasting Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Economic Nature

In light of the aspect that social development is a combination of stable and innovative phenomena, the emergence and implementation of which depends on the limited range of factors, it should not theoretically appear as a problem for the scholars to forecast the vectors of social development. In other words, if society depends on the trajectory of its previous development and are rare instances of the individuals going beyond the traditional institutional blockages of innovative progress, the historical science should provide ample opportunities for forecasting the events, namely of economic nature. Therefore, a number of historians of the XX century advances a thesis on the need to apply mathematical tools to the analysis of human behavior in the historical context. The trend for using mathematical tools in human resource management and humanities research has recently gained relevance. For a long time, this methodology was considered equally suitable for describing events of the past and predicting future events. The experience of using forecasting models and mechanisms created by historians is however quite contradictory. The scholars are not always able to predict the vector of social progress of degree of regression. This article aims to explain the reasons for this situation.

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