Social Issues in Electronic Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou ◽  
Athanasia Pouloudi
Keyword(s):  
Network Security ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
White House ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
National Governments

Policy implementation for electronic commerce is a complex process since policy makers, national governments in their majority, have to act in a fast changing environment. They need to balance special national demands with international cooperation (Papazafeiropoulou & Pouloudi, 2000). One of the areas that policy makers have to tackle is dealing with barriers that have been reported in the adoption of electric commerce today. These barriers are mostly derived from factors such as lack of awareness about the opportunities offered by electronic commerce as well as lack of trust to ward network security. Additionally the current legislative framework, drawn before the advent of electronic commerce, is perceived as outdated, thus impeding the expansion of online transactions. Policy makers, therefore, find it increasingly critical to update commerce legislation (Owens, 1999; Shim et al., 2000; the White House, 1999) and take other measures to facilitate the uptake of electronic commerce.

Social Issues in Electronic Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 144-159
Author(s):  
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou ◽  
Athanasia Pouloudi
Keyword(s):  
Network Security ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
White House ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
National Governments

Policy implementation for electronic commerce is a complex process since policy makers, national governments in their majority, have to act in a fast changing environment. They need to balance special national demands with international cooperation (Papazafeiropoulou & Pouloudi, 2000). One of the areas that policy makers have to tackle is dealing with barriers that have been reported in the adoption of electric commerce today. These barriers are mostly derived from factors such as lack of awareness about the opportunities offered by electronic commerce as well as lack of trust to ward network security. Additionally the current legislative framework, drawn before the advent of electronic commerce, is perceived as outdated, thus impeding the expansion of online transactions. Policy makers, therefore, find it increasingly critical to update commerce legislation (Owens, 1999; Shim et al., 2000; the White House, 1999) and take other measures to facilitate the uptake of electronic commerce.

Social Issues in Electronic Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 32-49
Author(s):  
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou ◽  
Athanasia Pouloudi
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Digital Democracy ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Network Technologies

The revolutionary development of network technologies launched electronic commerce as a global phenomenon. Consequently, the policy issues that arise from its use create new responsibilities for policy makers world-wide. Apart from the technical (e.g. fast and reliable networks) and regulatory (e.g. legal frameworks and standardization) challenges that need to be tackled there are a number of social concerns that also need consideration. It is important for policy makers to see Internet use and electronic commerce as a social as well as a technical phenomenon. In this paper we examine how social concerns such as trust and digital democracy pertain to all levels of Internet and electronic commerce policy, posing dilemmas and influencing the construction of an effective and socially responsible strategy for electronic commerce.

Social Issues in Electronic Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 173-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou ◽  
Athanasia Pouloudi
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Digital Democracy ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Network Technologies

The revolutionary development of network technologies launched electronic commerce as a global phenomenon. Consequently, the policy issues that arise from its use create new responsibilities for policy makers worldwide. Apart from the technical (e.g., fast and reliable networks) and regulatory (e.g., legal frameworks and standardization) challenges that need to be tackled, there are a number of social concerns that also need consideration. It is important for policy makers to see Internet use and electronic commerce as a social as well as a technical phenomenon. In this chapter we examine how social concerns such as trust and digital democracy pertain to all levels of Internet and electronic commerce policy, posing dilemmas and influencing the construction of an effective and socially responsible strategy for electronic commerce.

scholarly journals Implementing healthy food environment policies in New Zealand: nine years of inaction

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Mackay ◽  
Sarah Gerritsen ◽  
Fiona Sing ◽  
Stefanie Vandevijvere ◽  
Boyd Swinburn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Stimulate Action ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Implementation Gaps

Abstract Background The INFORMAS [International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support] Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) was developed to evaluate the degree of implementation of widely recommended food environment policies by national governments against international best practice, and has been applied in New Zealand in 2014, 2017 and 2020. This paper outlines the 2020 Food-EPI process and compares policy implementation and recommendations with the 2014 and 2017 Food-EPI. Methods In March–April 2020, a national panel of over 50 public health experts participated in Food-EPI. Experts rated the extent of implementation of 47 “good practice” policy and infrastructure support indicators compared to international best practice, using an extensive evidence document verified by government officials. Experts then proposed and prioritized concrete actions needed to address the critical implementation gaps identified. Progress on policy implementation and recommendations made over the three Food-EPIs was compared. Results In 2020, 60% of the indicators were rated as having “low” or “very little, if any” implementation compared to international benchmarks: less progress than 2017 (47%) and similar to 2014 (61%). Of the nine priority actions proposed in 2014, there was only noticeable action on one (Health Star Ratings). The majority of actions were therefore proposed again in 2017 and 2020. In 2020 the proposed actions were broader, reflecting the need for multisectoral action to improve the food environment, and the need for a mandatory approach in all policy areas. Conclusions There has been little to no progress in the past three terms of government (9 years) on the implementation of policies and infrastructure support for healthy food environments, with implementation overall regressing between 2017 and 2020. The proposed actions in 2020 have reflected a growing movement to locate nutrition within the wider context of planetary health and with recognition of the social determinants of health and nutrition, resulting in recommendations that will require the involvement of many government entities to overcome the existing policy inertia. The increase in food insecurity due to COVID-19 lockdowns may provide the impetus to stimulate action on food polices.

How to Make Your Work Really Influence Future Healthcare

2017 ◽  
pp. 271-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Bourek
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Healthcare Environments ◽  
Personalized Health ◽  
Personalized Health Care

Future health systems, besides traditional areas defined and addressed since 1980, face the advent of Proactive, Predictive, Prospective, Preventive, Participative and Personalized health care (HC). Reliable e-health platforms can help us with these challenges. They should be designed and implemented in a way to help ordinary people achieve extraordinary results. Even the best projects addressing HC systems improvement are not automatically qualified for implementation unless adopted by policy makers. The introduction of strategies with a potential for healthcare systems improvement to policy makers is necessary but difficult because of the complexity of the addressed issue. Illustrated on four projects, selected from the 25 the author participated in, from 1993 to 2016, principles, processes and attitudes found beneficial for successful policy implementation in various healthcare environments, are presented, to help with the integration of reliable electronic healthcare platforms into coming healthcare systems.

Trade Policy and Public Goods

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Loos
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
The Social ◽  
Enforcement Authority ◽  
National Governments

The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1994 as the first multilateral trade organization with enforcement authority over national governments. A country's domestic standards cannot be more restrictive than international standards for trade. WTO seeks to “harmonize” individual domestic policies into uniform global standards and encompasses trade-related aspects of health, public safety, and environmental protection. These issues are transnational and pose enormous challenges to traditional governance structures. Most governments are not equipped to manage problems that transcend their borders. Moreover, international governance in social issues—with the possible exception of public health—is still in its infancy. Many groups are concerned that local public interests will be subjugated to global corporate interests. The article looks at the social ramifications of world trade policy and concludes that world trade must be balanced with sustainable environments and human health.

scholarly journals The effects of alcohol pricing policies on consumption, health, social and economic outcomes, and health inequality in Australia: a protocol of an epidemiological modelling study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e029918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Jiang ◽  
Robin Room ◽  
Michael Livingston ◽  
Sarah Callinan ◽  
Alan Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionAlcohol use and misuse are associated with substantial health and social issues in Australia and internationally. Pricing policy is considered as one of the most effective means to reduce risky drinking and related harms. This protocol paper describes a study that will model and estimate the effects, effectiveness and cost–benefit of alcohol pricing policy initiatives in reducing risky drinking, health and social harms, and health inequalities among subpopulations in Australia.Methods and analysisThe study is a modelling and epidemiological study using data from various resources, such as survey, previous literatures and response agencies. A number of statistical procedures will be undertaken to evaluate the impact of different alcohol pricing policy initiatives on various outcomes, including alcohol consumption in population subgroups, and health and social problems, and to measure health inequalities and cost-effectiveness of those proposed pricing policies, such as a 10% tax increase on all alcohol beverages or introduction of a minimum unit price.Ethics and disseminationThe ethics approval of this study was obtained from the College Human Ethics Sub-Committee of the La Trobe University on 9 November 2017 (Ref: S17-206). While examining the heterogeneous effects of price policy across population subgroups, this study will provide the first comprehensive estimates of the likely impacts of alcohol price changes on health inequalities. The study will also provide sophisticated economic analyses of the impact of price policy changes, which is critical information for policy makers and will assist policy makers in directing resources to a more efficient alcohol strategy. Results will be made available to communities and societies, health departments and other researchers.

THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY UNDER CAMEROONIAN LAW

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egbe Samuel Egbe
Keyword(s):  
Community Forestry ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Alleged Incompatibility

The participation of local communities in the management of Cameroon's huge forest resources appears to be one of the most imponderable and enigmatic issues confronting contemporary policy-makers. This is because forest resource access and tenure policies in Cameroon have, since the colonial period, generally been hegemonic in character. This situation was further accentuated with the advent of national governments. On the eve of independence and even beyond, African governments were so concerned with political rights that they did not give much thought to any other rightscertainly not to what has become known as the right of local communities to participate in natural resource management. It was quite easy for Africans to conceive of rights solely in terms of the political rights of individuals. There was thus an alleged incompatibility between riparian community rights to participate in forest management and respect for individual rights.

Current School Reforms in Transnational Policy Landscapes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninni Wahlstrom
Keyword(s):  
International Student ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
National Policy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
School Reforms ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Discursive Power ◽  
Policy Proposals

The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and its Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) play an important role in forming transnational education policy. Based on the results of the PISA measurements and other evaluations, the OECD can claim that its policy proposals are evidence based and in accordance with international standards. There is growing interest from the national governments to adapt their national policy strategies to these international standards. However, the translation from the transnational to national policy is a complex process, whereby the national receivers of the policy are selective regarding the policy elements they borrow from those who create and influence transnational policy. Thus, discursive power regarding transnational policy can be understood as power through ideas, making national reforms similar but not identical, and promoting incremental or imperceptible reforms.

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