City Group Optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yijun Yang ◽  
Haibin Duan
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Central City ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Continuous Problems ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The City ◽  
City Group

City group refers to a collection of cities. Through the development and growth, and these cities form a chain of metropolitan areas. In a city group, cities are divided into central cities and subordinate cities. Generally, central cities have greater chances to develop. However, subordinate cities may not have great chances to develop unless they are adjacent to central cities. Thus, a city is more likely to develop well if it is near a central city. In the process, the spatial distribution of cities changes all the time. Urbanologists call the above phenomena as the evolution of city groups. In this paper, the city group optimization algorithm is presented, which is based on urbanology and mimics the evolution of city groups. The robustness and evolutionary process of the proposed city group optimization algorithm are validated by testing it on 15 benchmark functions. The comparative results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for solving complexly continuous problems due to a stronger ability to escape from local optima.

City Group Optimization

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Yijun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Central City ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Continuous Problems ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The City ◽  
City Group

City group refers to a collection of cities. Through the development and growth, these cities form a chain of metropolitan areas. In a city group, cities are divided into central cities and subordinate cities. Generally, central cities have greater chances to develop. However, subordinate cities may not have great chances to develop unless they are adjacent to central cities. Thus, a city is more likely to develop well if it is near a central city. In the process, the spatial distribution of cities changes all the time. Urbanologists call the above phenomena the evolution of city groups. In this chapter, the city group optimization algorithm is presented, which is based on urbanology and mimics the evolution of city groups. The robustness and evolutionary process of the proposed city group optimization algorithm are validated by testing it on 15 benchmark functions. The comparative results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for solving complexly continuous problems due to a stronger ability to escape from local optima.

Study on collaborative innovation of central city and sub-central city in resource-based zone during the new-type urbanization

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-368
Author(s):  
Haiying Huo ◽  
Haiyan Wang ◽  
Yajie Li
Keyword(s):  
Central City ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
New Towns ◽  
Collaborative Innovation ◽  
New Type ◽  
Analysis Of Swot ◽  
The City

With the advancement of new-types of urbanization, our country needs to construct reasonable structures of the resource-based central city and sub-central city in the regions, to transform the mode of the development of the city, to achieve the coordinated and the sustainable in resources, to avoid the resources of waste and to build the green, low carbon, agglomeration and sustainable new towns. This paper does the analysis of SWOT by putting forward a specific example which establishes Handan as the central city and Wu’an and Feixiang act as the sub-central cities to explore the advantages of choosing resource-based city as a central city, which gives the support in theory and practice for realizing the winwin situation and maximization of interests in the regions.

Spatial and Temporal Differences in Weekday Travel Durations Between Private-for-Hire Transportation Services and Transit in the City Center

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110197
Author(s):  
Baxter Shandobil ◽  
Ty Lazarchik ◽  
Kelly Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Network ◽  
Central City ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
City Center ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The City

There is increasing evidence that ridehailing and other private-for-hire (PfH) services such as taxis and limousines are diverting trips from transit services. One question that arises is where and when PfH services are filling gaps in transit services and where they are competing with transit services that are publicly subsidized. Using weekday trip-level information for trips originating in or destined for the city center of Portland, OR from PfH transportation services (taxis, transportation network companies, limousines) and transit trip data collected from OpenTripPlanner, this study investigated the temporal and spatial differences in travel durations between actual PfH trips and comparable transit trips (the same origin–destination and time of day). This paper contributes to this question and to a growing body of research about the use of ridehailing and other on-demand services. Specifically, it provides a spatial and temporal analysis of the demand for PfH transportation using an actual census of trips for a given 2 week period. The comparison of trip durations of actual PfH trips to hypothetical transit trips for the same origin–destination pairs into or out of the central city gives insights for policy making around pricing and other regulatory frameworks that could be implemented in time and space.

scholarly journals Solving knapsack problems using a binary gaining sharing knowledge-based optimization algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prachi Agrawal ◽  
Talari Ganesh ◽  
Ali Wagdy Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Knapsack Problems ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Two Stages

AbstractThis article proposes a novel binary version of recently developed Gaining Sharing knowledge-based optimization algorithm (GSK) to solve binary optimization problems. GSK algorithm is based on the concept of how humans acquire and share knowledge during their life span. A binary version of GSK named novel binary Gaining Sharing knowledge-based optimization algorithm (NBGSK) depends on mainly two binary stages: binary junior gaining sharing stage and binary senior gaining sharing stage with knowledge factor 1. These two stages enable NBGSK for exploring and exploitation of the search space efficiently and effectively to solve problems in binary space. Moreover, to enhance the performance of NBGSK and prevent the solutions from trapping into local optima, NBGSK with population size reduction (PR-NBGSK) is introduced. It decreases the population size gradually with a linear function. The proposed NBGSK and PR-NBGSK applied to set of knapsack instances with small and large dimensions, which shows that NBGSK and PR-NBGSK are more efficient and effective in terms of convergence, robustness, and accuracy.

scholarly journals Urban Policies and Large Projects in Central City Areas: The Example of Madrid (Spain)

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Dolores Brandis García
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central City ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The City

Since the late 20th century major, European cities have exhibited large projects driven by neoliberal urban planning policies whose aim is to enhance their position on the global market. By locating these projects in central city areas, they also heighten and reinforce their privileged situation within the city as a whole, thus contributing to deepening the centre–periphery rift. The starting point for this study is the significance and scope of large projects in metropolitan cities’ urban planning agendas since the final decade of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the correlation between the various opposing conservative and progressive urban policies, and the projects put forward, for the city of Madrid. A study of documentary sources and the strategies deployed by public and private agents are interpreted in the light of a process during which the city has had a succession of alternating governments defending opposing urban development models. This analysis allows us to conclude that the predominant large-scale projects proposed under conservative policies have contributed to deepening the centre–periphery rift appreciated in the city.

Movie Variety and the City

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
In Kyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Product Variety ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractIn this article, I study the effect of entry and ownership structure on product variety within a city. Using longitudinal data on theaters in Korea, I find that the positive effect of entry on city-wide movie variety is limited only to the first few entrants. This finding, together with the observation that movie variety in a theater does not respond to entry, suggests that a theater's incentive to soften price competition by screening less popular movies not otherwise available in the city decreases as more theaters enter. I also find evidence that movie variety is greater in more concentrated cities, implying that a chain that owns multiple theaters in a city may differentiate the movie lineup offered in each theater more than when the theaters are individually owned in order to avoid cannibalization or to preempt entry.

Tussen buurt en stadsregio : Anderhalf jaar stedelijk beleid in Vlaanderen

Res Publica ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Leo Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The City

Since several elections since 1991 were won by an extreme right political party, especially in the Flanders and in the city of Antwerp, polities has responded with an increase in attention for environmental and social policies. In a first reaction - and after a longstand period of budget cuts - more money was invested in the building ofsocial housing. Later this policy was broadened to a more comprehensive policy for the cities, trying to integrate the brick-and-mortar approaches with welfare policies. In this contribution three things are put into perspective. The first deals with the rise of the urban problems. A second part deals with the new policies who are implemented today. These are territorially targeted at poor neighbourhoods. In a final part these policies are situated in a regional context since the liveability of the central cities can not be seen without its regional context, since very often the more wealthy people are living outside the administrative boundaries while the vulnerable social groups are living in the older inner city neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals An improved arithmetic optimization algorithm with forced switching mechanism for global optimization problems

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 473-512
Author(s):  
Rong Zheng ◽  
◽  
Heming Jia ◽  
Laith Abualigah ◽  
Qingxin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Test Functions ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Switching Mechanism ◽  
Engineering Design Problems

<abstract> <p>Arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is a newly proposed meta-heuristic method which is inspired by the arithmetic operators in mathematics. However, the AOA has the weaknesses of insufficient exploration capability and is likely to fall into local optima. To improve the searching quality of original AOA, this paper presents an improved AOA (IAOA) integrated with proposed forced switching mechanism (FSM). The enhanced algorithm uses the random math optimizer probability (<italic>RMOP</italic>) to increase the population diversity for better global search. And then the forced switching mechanism is introduced into the AOA to help the search agents jump out of the local optima. When the search agents cannot find better positions within a certain number of iterations, the proposed FSM will make them conduct the exploratory behavior. Thus the cases of being trapped into local optima can be avoided effectively. The proposed IAOA is extensively tested by twenty-three classical benchmark functions and ten CEC2020 test functions and compared with the AOA and other well-known optimization algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other comparative algorithms on most of the test functions. Furthermore, the test results of two training problems of multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and three classical engineering design problems also indicate that the proposed IAOA is highly effective when dealing with real-world problems.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals The City is a Stage: Innovation beyond the Theatre Space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarah Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
Adaptive Performance ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Theatre Design ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Performance Space ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

<p>"[The] product of architecture can at least partly be understood as an endless live performance" (Van Berkel & Bos, 2008 , p. 135). As central cities such as Wellington become more event orientated, there is a greater need for a network of innovative performance venues (temporary or permanent) to meet public demand. The existing theatre spaces within Wellington are currently limited in size and the spaces are difficult to adapt to meet the needs of different performances. The thesis investigates this problem. The thesis proposes to develop a network of multifunctional performance spaces outside traditional theatre spaces in areas which are generally used as high activity public spaces and thoroughfares. This will result in not only new opportunities for theatre design and new types of adaptive performance, but, as performance is removed from a traditionally controlled environment, it will create urban spaces that are multi-functional and a better fit for a variety of experiences and uses. Several precedents are analysed with regard to the creation of new boundaries and multiple functionalities in a more contemporary setting. Public realm typologies are also explored for their capacity to be blended in form and function to create hybrid, multi-functional spaces. The resulting design strategy is applied in a series of design experiments to the selected subject site on Wellington’s waterfront. The experiments are then evaluated to aid in the development of an appropriate outdoor theatre network that will enliven the city and encourage performers to create a new style of theatre. The proposed design is developed from and through the research, and will benefit Wellington for many reasons. Firstly, the design will produce greater adaptability and permeability of the performance space in Wellington. Secondly, because theatres in Wellington are currently disengaged from their surrounding context, the proposed building will have a strong indoor/outdoor connection that encourages the use of diverse performance in and around the building. Thirdly, by placing the building in or near circulation paths, it will provide an interactive and engaging space for audiences.</p>

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