Value Lexicality and Human Enhancement

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Hainz
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
Life Extension

One idea discussed in ethical theory is that values can be put in a lexical ordering. One value that ranks higher in a lexical ordering always outweighs a lower-ranked value, regardless of the amount or intensity of both values. An account of value lexicality that focuses on the practical applicability of this concept will be developed and subsequently applied to the debate about life extension technologies and human enhancement in general. Finally, a sketch of a heuristic will be provided that shows how the concept of value lexicality could be of assistance when assessing the quality of arguments in various fields of applied ethics, one of which is the debate about human enhancement.

scholarly journals The paradox of imperfect duty in Kant's moral philosophy: A problem in 'applying' ethics'

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-564
Author(s):  
Phillip Richter
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Discourse Ethics ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Imperfect Duty ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Metaphysics Of Morals

The Applied Ethics debate has not yet sufficiently clarified what application of ethics exactly is. The issue of application is considered to be especially problematic in Kantian ethics or in discourse ethics. This article describes the concept of applying ethics in Kant. In discussing the duty of helping others and the theory of its application in Metaphysics of Morals it is shown that a strict separation of justification and application in ethical theory results in the paradox of imperfect duty. The paradox says that the duty to help others would be fulfilled without ever being fulfilled in action. To overcome the paradox it is necessary to form submaximes of helping, which are not arbitrarily but instructed by a theory of casuistry. This casuistry, if it is considered as a doctrine of application in Kantian ethics, can overcome the paradox of imperfect duty. However, the casuistry can overcome this paradox only if it is understood as a philosophy of prudence, which can be found in Aristotle or Descartes.

scholarly journals Psychology of Business, Leadership and Communication as a Perspective Scientific Direction in Ukraine and Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Business Communication ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Business Leadership ◽  
Business And Management

The article deals with highlighting the relevance of the new direction of psychology of business, leadership and communication for the modern labor market. The emphasis has been placed on the fact that the modernization of educational programs promotes Europeanization and improvement of the quality of training so that specialists can operate in intercultural professional environment, and the quality of scientific research leads to constant search in order to ensure the competitiveness of graduates, spread of values and formation of a positive image of the country. The work presents the educational program “Psychology of Business and Management” for the training of specialists in the psychology of interpersonal and business communication, business counseling, psychological assessment of the staff, personnel management, legal support, organizational behavior and applied ethics, prevention of professional deformations, gender differences in the field of management activities; media psychology, psychology of advertising and public relations (PR) etc. Methods for successful formation and development of students’ personal and professional skills (soft skills) demanded by employers in order to provide their preparedness for being employed by business organizations have been offered; the general socio-psychological basics of success in business have been outlined. A system of values needed for leadership and success has been presented. The concepts of “success” and “successfulness” in the business environment have been considered.

Biohacking: Changing Yourself to Reformat Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Sergei Y. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Care Of The Self ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Science Movement

Тoday the term «biohacking» is used in two main meanings. First, as a part of «garage science» movement, whose members experiment in home laboratories with self-created required equipment. Secondly, as the human enhancement practices aimed at improving the quality of life and the struggle for immortality. In the article, we show the integrity of these two seemingly unrelated aspects. For this purpose we use Fuller's post-truth concept, which allows us to analyze biohacking in the context of the more general processes of science democratization and the ongoing changes in the knowledge and power distribution system. The article refers to the conceptual metaphors of lions and foxes, which traditionally distinguish two types of elites. According to this division we consider biohackers as «fox strategists». Lion's conservatism implies status quo maintaining of order power/knowledge apportionment. The foxes try to change the order by questioning the «rules of the game». We demonstrate the joining of do-it-yourself ideology and «care of the self» principles by the case of biohackers interaction at the reddit.com forum, and its section dealing with transcranial direct current stimulation devices. The analysis of this case allows to identify biohackers strategies for academic science boundaries eroding, especially, science and non-science boundaries, individual scientific disciplines and «national sciences». Authors conclude that biohackers can be considered as philosophers of science. In this framework their practices of «personal science» and precedents creating represent the process of rethinking both the essence of science and its rules.

scholarly journals The Prisoner’s Dilemma: An Adequate Concept for Ethical Analysis in Healthcare? A Systematic Search and Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Rogowski ◽  
Oliver Lange
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Economic Ethics ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Pareto Improving

Abstract Schools of economic ethics inspired by Buchanan propose viewing ethical conflicts as prisoners’ dilemmas (PDs) to facilitate solutions based on Pareto-improving institutional changes. Given that healthcare is determined by complex institutional arrangements, it has been claimed that this approach is also suitable for business ethics in healthcare. To scrutinize this claim, this research systematically searched for studies reporting PD structures in healthcare. PubMed, EconLit, and EconBiz were searched to find articles in German and English. Study type, characteristics of the game, and the proposed means to overcome the dilemma (if mentioned) were extracted and analyzed for aspects supporting or challenging the claim. Across 53 studies, 68 descriptions of various dilemmas in healthcare and public health were identified. Many authors successfully developed proposals for institutional change to overcome these dilemmas. However, many of these analyses exhibited limitations such as oversimplifications or inconsistencies. Also, the quality of evidence on both the characteristics of dilemmas and the effectiveness of proposed solutions was very poor. The subsamples of studies that explicitly cited the ethical approach were disjunct from those that applied empirical methods to analyze the dilemmas (frequently applying empirically richer frameworks than rational choice only). The large number of identified PDs indicates that economic ethics is relevant to healthcare. However, there is a need for further evidence to substantiate both the descriptive and prescriptive claims of this ethical theory. It should thus be seen as a complement that needs justification, rather than a substitute superior to other ethical frameworks.

Applied Ethics

Philosophy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Søbirk Petersen ◽  
Jesper Ryberg
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Point Of Departure

Applied ethics is a branch of ethics devoted to the treatment of moral problems, practices, and policies in personal life, professions, technology, and government. In contrast to traditional ethical theory—concerned with purely theoretical problems such as, for example, the development of a general criterion of rightness—applied ethics takes its point of departure in practical normative challenges. Along with general overviews and journals, nine central branches of applied ethics are added, with six to eight references in connection to each branch. It should be noted that these branches constitute only a selection among the plethora of disciplines within applied ethics. Moreover, some overlap is found among the different areas.

A Dictionary of Ethics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Cuneo
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Key Terms

This authoritative dictionary contains clear, concise definitions of key terms from ethical theory and touches upon a variety of relevant subfields including metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. A Dictionary of Ethics is a valuable reference resource for academics, practitioners, and students of moral philosophy, applied ethics, and public policy. It will also be of interest to readers looking to familiarize themselves with ethical terms and the concepts they express.

Microbiological Quality of Catfish Frames Treated with Selected Phosphates

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1081-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL ◽  
VINEET JINDAL
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Phosphate Treatment ◽  
Phosphate Solutions

This study examined the effects of trisodium phosphate (TSP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and sodium metaphosphate (SMP) dipping solutions on the microbiological quality of catfish frames (the carcasses remaining after skinless boneless fillets are removed). Frames were dipped for 5 min in 10% phosphate solutions at 5°C, drained for 2 min, and analyzed for aerobic plate counts and total coliform counts. TSP reduced aerobic plate and total coliform counts by 1.0 and 2.5 log CFU/ml of rinse buffer, respectively. STPP reduced aerobic plate and total coliform counts by 0.3 and 1.0 logs, respectively. SMP did not reduce aerobic plate counts, but did decrease total coliform counts by 0.7 logs. The microbiological shelf life (time to reach 107 CFU/ml) of the frames treated with TSP was 3 days longer than controls. Rinsing frames in water after phosphate treatment reduced the effectiveness of the dips. The results demonstrate that TSP was more effective than either STPP or SMP in reducing microbial numbers on the surface of the frames and provided a subsequent shelf life extension.

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