Study on Mechanical Behaviors of 16MnR Steel after Long Term Used as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vessel

2005 ◽  
pp. 963-967
Author(s):  
Bing Bing Chen ◽  
Wei Ming Sun ◽  
Zeng Liang Gao ◽  
De Ming Fang
Keyword(s):  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Mechanical Behaviors

Study on Mechanical Behaviors of 16MnR Steel after Long Term Used as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vessel

2005 ◽  
Vol 297-300 ◽  
pp. 963-967
Author(s):  
Bing Bing Chen ◽  
Wei Ming Sun ◽  
Zeng Liang Gao ◽  
De Ming Fang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Mechanical Behaviors

16MnR steel is one of C-Mn steels widely used for pressure vessels in China. Mechanical behaviors of 16MnR steel used as liquefied petroleum gas vessel for about 100,000hr have been investigated in this paper. The macrostructure, fracture toughness, fatigue-crack growth rate, and low-cycle fatigue properties of the samples have been studied in detail. Compared the results with that of GB6654-86 (one of Chinese national material standards) and other test data of 16MnR steel, it indicates that the mechanical properties of the long-term used 16MnR steel have not been degraded and aged.

scholarly journals Challenges to radical innovation: A car for the future: Part one

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Chanaron
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Power Train ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Future ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Key Indicators

The car of the future is one of the most fashionable issues in the press, in political sketches and in academia. This first article is dealing with the various available options for automotive power train: gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, hybrid electric, "plug-in" vehicle hybrid electric, extended range hybrid electric, and finally full battery electric vehicle and fuel cell electric vehicle. For each option, the paper analyzes the key characteristics in terms of political, social and cultural acceptability, degree of achievement, current Status and long term perspectives. The content for each characteristic is given by up-to-date literature and interviews with key experts. When available, market data have been collected and are analyzed and discussed. Key indicators as obstacles to or in favor of one given options are also investigated and critically discussed.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of replacing catalytic converters in LPG-fueled vehicles in Hong Kong

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (24) ◽  
pp. 35939-35990 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. P. Lyu ◽  
H. Guo ◽  
I. J. Simpson ◽  
S. Meinardi ◽  
P. K. K. Louie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Receptor Modeling ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Reduction Percentage

Abstract. Many taxis and public buses are powered by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Hong Kong. With more vehicles using LPG, they have become the major contributor to ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Hong Kong. An intervention program aimed to reduce the emissions of VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from LPG-fueled vehicles was implemented by the Hong Kong Government in September 2013. Long-term real-time measurements indicated that the program was remarkably effective in reducing LPG-related VOCs, NOx and nitric oxide (NO) in the atmosphere. Receptor modeling results further revealed that propane, propene, i-butane, n-butane and NO in LPG-fueled vehicle exhaust emissions decreased by 37.3 ± 0.4, 50.2 ± 0.3, 32.9 ± 0.4, 41.1 ± 0.4 and 75.9 ± 0.3 %, respectively, during the implementation of the program. In contrast, despite the reduction of VOCs and NOx, the O3 production following the program increased by 0.25 ± 0.04 ppbv h−1 (4.8 %). Moreover, the production rate of HOx decreased due to the reduction of VOCs, whereas NO reduction resulted in a more significant decrease of the HOx in destruction compared to the decrease in production, and an increase of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2). Analysis of O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity in ambient air indicated VOC-limited regimes in the O3 formation before and during the program. Moreover, a maximum reduction percentage of NOx (i.e., 29.4 %) and the lowest reduction ratio of VOCs / NOx (i.e., ~ 3 : 1) in LPG-fueled vehicle emissions were determined to give a zero O3 increment. The findings are of great help to future formulation and implementation of control strategies on vehicle emissions in Hong Kong.

scholarly journals Fuelwood use patterns in Rural Mexico: a critique to the conventional energy transition model

2018 ◽  
pp. 81-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Serrano-Medrado ◽  
Adrián Ghilardi ◽  
Omar Masera ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transition ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Transition Model ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Rural Mexico ◽  
Term Basis

This article presents an historical account of patterns of household fuelwood use in Mexico from 1960 until the present. The results of scenarios outlining the likely evolution of future fuelwood use according to different socio-demographic and technological variables are offered up to 2030 along with the expected environmental impacts. Mexico is an interesting case as it went from importing oil to becoming an oilexporting country during the historical period under analysis and the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intensified in the residential sector. However, rather than exhibiting a sharp decline in fuelwood use, as would be expected from the energy transition model, we observe that fuelwood use has remained almost constant for more than 40 years. In fact, rather than completely switching to LPG, a large portion of rural and small-town households adopted a fuel-stacking strategy, combining both fuels on a long-term basis. We conclude by examining the implications of the current patterns of fuelwood use and fuel-stacking in terms of future fuelwood consumption, numbers of users and emissions of greenhouse gases.

scholarly journals Sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete Containing High-Amount Industrial By-Product Fly Ash As Supplementary Cementitious Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hui zhao ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Xiaoming Wu ◽  
Bo Gao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Mechanical Behaviors ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Water Absorption Coefficient

Abstract Nowadays, utilizing large amount industrial by-product fly ash (FA) as the alternatives for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC) had attracted more attention. In this study, FA was employed in SCC at five levels (0 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %). The mechanical behaviors, the water porosity, the transport properties and the sustainability of FA series SCC were investigated. At the initial curing stage (3 days), the use of FA in SCC reduces mechanical properties, increases water porosity, water absorption and water absorption coefficient (sorptivity) of SCC. FA series SCC have the lower resistance against carbon dioxide attack, chloride ion penetration than cement -based SCC. The prolonging curing time is beneficial to improve the long-term behaviors of FA- blended SCC. After SCC made with 20 %, 30 %, 40 % FA water-curing for 90 days, there are an reduction of 0.44-2.09 % in the mechanical behaviors and an increase of 0.082-0.41 % in the water porosity, compared to pure-cement SCC. Beyond the content of FA (40 %), the differences of the mechanical properties and the water porosity between SCC with 50 % FA and fully cement SCC are below the value of 2.5 %. With the progress of the curing time, the largest reduction rates of the water absorption and the sorptivity were found in 50 % FA-blended SCC. Utilizing 50 % FA in SCC reduces the total charge passed values of SCC. The manufacture of 50 % FA-blended SCC has the lowest energy consumption and released amounts of CO2, NOx, SOx in all SCC mixtures. The application of high-level FA in SCC is the positive assistance to prepare sustainable SCC with satisfying long-term behaviors.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of replacing catalytic converters in LPG-fueled vehicles in Hong Kong

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 6609-6626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopu Lyu ◽  
Hai Guo ◽  
Isobel J. Simpson ◽  
Simone Meinardi ◽  
Peter K. K. Louie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Receptor Modeling ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Reduction Percentage

Abstract. Many taxis and public buses are powered by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Hong Kong. With more vehicles using LPG, they have become the major contributor to ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Hong Kong. An intervention program which aimed to reduce the emissions of VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from LPG-fueled vehicles was implemented by the Hong Kong government in September 2013. Long-term real-time measurements indicated that the program was remarkably effective in reducing LPG-related VOCs, NOx and nitric oxide (NO) in the atmosphere. Receptor modeling results further revealed that propane, propene, i-butane, n-butane and NO in LPG-fueled vehicle exhaust emissions decreased by 40.8 ± 0.1, 45.7 ± 0.2, 35.7 ± 0.1, 47.8 ± 0.1 and 88.6 ± 0.7 %, respectively, during the implementation of the program. In contrast, despite the reduction of VOCs and NOx, O3 following the program increased by 0.40 ± 0.03 ppbv (∼  5.6 %). The LPG-fueled vehicle exhaust was generally destructive to OH and HO2. However, the destruction effect weakened for OH and it even turned to positive contribution to HO2 during the program. These changes led to the increases of OH, HO2 and HO2 ∕ OH ratio, which might explain the positive O3 increment. Analysis of O3–VOCs–NOx sensitivity in ambient air indicated VOC-limited regimes in the O3 formation before and during the program. Moreover, a maximum reduction percentage of NOx (i.e., 69 %) and the lowest reduction ratio of VOCs ∕ NOx (i.e., 1.1) in LPG-fueled vehicle exhaust were determined to give a zero O3 increment. The findings are of great help to future formulation and implementation of control strategies on vehicle emissions in Hong Kong, and could be extended to other regions in China and around the world.

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