Structures under Multi-Hazards: State-of-the-Art and Research Needs

Recent years, many infrastructures, say building structures and bridge structures, have suffered from multi-hazards. According to official reports, 286 fires broke out due to the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, and fire after 1995 Kobe earthquake destroyed almost 7000 buildings. Current design codes treat earthquakes, fires and explosions as completely independent. The application of multi-hazard design is essential for improving the safety of structures, reducing building life cycle costs and increasing efficiency. In this paper, some influential multi-hazard incidents are described primarily, and the state-of-the-art and research needs on multi-hazard design are presented.

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Bridges in Fire: State-of-the-Art and Research Needs

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2263 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 353-356 ◽

pp. 2263-2268

Author(s):

Yong Jun Liu ◽

Qi Liu ◽

Fu Chun Song

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Human Life ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Hazardous Materials ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Research Needs ◽

Fast Heating ◽

Bridge Collapse ◽

Bridge Structures ◽

In Fire

During lifetime of a bridge, it may be subjected to many hazards, in which one of the most severe hazards is fire. In recent years, due to rapid development of transportation systems, as well as increasing transport of hazardous materials, bridge fires have become a concern. Bridge fires caused by crashing of vehicles and burning of gasoline are much more severe than building fires and are characterized by a fast heating rate and a higher peak temperature which could lead to bridge collapse. Bridge failures during a fire can result in the disruption of commerce and services, and most importantly the loss of human life. This paper presents an overview of bridge fire incidents, provides a state-ofthe-art review of studies on bridges in fire, and identifies the research needs in the future for protecting critical bridge structures.

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Tsunami Damage Assessment on Bridge Structures Subjected to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami

Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering ◽

10.5610/jaee.12.6_104 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 6_104-6_119

Author(s):

Gaku SHOJI ◽

Kazunori TAKAHASHI ◽

Tomoharu NAKAMURA

Keyword(s):

Damage Assessment ◽

Pacific Coast ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

Tsunami Damage ◽

The Pacific ◽

Bridge Structures

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Empirical Fragility Curves of Buildings in Northern Miyagi Prefecture During the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2016.p1253 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1253-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hao Wu ◽

◽

Kazuaki Masaki ◽

Kojiro Irikura ◽

Susumu Kurahashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pacific Coast ◽

Fragility Curves ◽

Ground Motions ◽

Strong Motion ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

2011 Tohoku Earthquake ◽

The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ◽

Kobe Earthquake ◽

The Pacific ◽

Miyagi Prefecture

In this study, empirical fragility curves expressed in terms of relationship between damage ratio indices of buildings and ground motion indices were developed in northern Miyagi prefecture located in near-field areas during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. The ground motion indices were evaluated from observed ground motions at strong-motion stations and estimated at sites at which no strong-motion accelerometers were deployed during the mainshock. The ground motions at the non-instrumental sites were estimated using the empirical Green’s function method based on bedrock motions inverted from observed records on surfaces from small events that occurred inside the source fault, transfer functions due to underground velocity structures identified from microtremor H/V spectral ratios, and a short-period source model of the mainshock. The findings indicated that the empirical fragility curves as functions of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) instrumental seismic intensity during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake almost corresponded to those during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake and the seven disastrous earthquakes that occurred between 2003 and 2008. However, the empirical fragility curves as functions of peak ground velocity were the lowest. A possible reason for this is that the response spectra of the ground motions in the period ranging from 1.0 s to 1.5 s were small during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Another reason could be the seismic resistant capacities of buildings in the studied districts involved during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake exceeded those in the cities affected during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake.

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Reproduction Analysis of Short-circuit between Transmission Lines during the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and a Consideration of the cause of the Event

IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy ◽

10.1541/ieejpes.134.732 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 134 (8) ◽

pp. 732-742 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroshi Ohta ◽

Akio Kawahara ◽

Hideharu Nakamura ◽

Motoyuki Yamazaki ◽

Eijiro Hongo

Keyword(s):

Transmission Lines ◽

Pacific Coast ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

The Pacific

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Soil-Slide Avalanches of Pyroclastic Fall Deposits Induced by the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake

Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports - Studies on the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake ◽

10.1007/978-4-431-54418-0_6 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 65-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Masahiro Chigira ◽

Akito Nakasuji ◽

Shinya Fujiwara ◽

Masayuki Sakagami

Keyword(s):

Pacific Coast ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

The Pacific ◽

Pyroclastic Fall Deposits ◽

Pyroclastic Fall ◽

Fall Deposits

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An enhancement of the current design concepts for the improved consideration of residual stresses in fatigue-loaded welds

Welding in the World ◽

10.1007/s40194-021-01065-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 643-651

Author(s):

Th. Nitschke-Pagel ◽

J. Hensel

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

State Of The Art ◽

High Strength Steels ◽

High Strength ◽

Design Tools ◽

Design Concepts ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Real Distribution ◽

Current Design ◽

Reliable Knowledge

AbstractThe consideration of residual stresses in fatigue-loaded welds is currently done only qualitatively without reliable knowledge about their real distribution, amount and prefix. Therefore, the tools which enable a more or less unsafe consideration in design concepts are mainly based on unsafe experiences and doubtful assumptions. Since the use of explicitly determined residual stresses outside the welding community is state of the art, the target of the presented paper is to show a practicable way for an enhanced consideration of residual stresses in the current design tools. This is not only limited on residual stresses induced by welding, but also on post-weld treatment processes like HFMI or shot peening. Results of extended experiments with longitudinal fillet welds and butt welds of low and high strength steels evidently show that an improved use of residual stresses in fatigue strength approximation enables a better evaluation of peening processes as well as of material adjusted welding procedures or post-weld stress relief treatments. The concept shows that it is generally possible to overcome the existing extremely conservative but although unsafe rules and regulations and may also enable the improved use of high strength steels.

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Middle-Scale Ionospheric Disturbances Observed by the Oblique-Incidence Ionosonde Detection Network in North China after the 2011 Tohoku Tsunamigenic Earthquake

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21031000 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 1000

Author(s):

Jin Wang ◽

Gang Chen ◽

Tao Yu ◽

Zhongxin Deng ◽

Xiangxiang Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gravity Waves ◽

Oblique Incidence ◽

North China ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

Ionospheric Disturbances ◽

Doppler Measurement ◽

The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ◽

Tsunamigenic Earthquake ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the following enormous tsunami caused great disturbances in the ionosphere that were observed in various regions along the Pacific Ocean. In this study, the oblique-incidence ionosonde detection network located in North China was applied to investigate the inland ionospheric disturbances related to the 2011 tsunamigenic earthquake. The ionosonde network consists of five transmitters and 20 receivers and can monitor regional ionosphere disturbances continuously and effectively. Based on the recorded electron density variations along the horizontal plane, the planar middle-scale ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) associated with the 2011 Tohoku tsunamigenic earthquake were detected more than 2000 km west of the epicenter about six hours later. The MSTIDs captured by the Digisonde, high-frequency (HF) Doppler measurement, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellite provided more information about the far-field inland propagation characteristics of the westward propagating gravity waves. The results imply that the ionosonde network has the potential for remote sensing of ionospheric disturbances induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes and provide a perspective for investigating the propagation process of associated gravity waves.

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