Decentralised Sanitation and Energy Reuse in the Built Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 511-512 ◽  
pp. 787-790
Author(s):  
Guang Wei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Intentional Community ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Green Housing ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Organic Waste Treatment

This paper seeks to focus on a combined waste (or: wastewater)/energy system in the deep green housing district. An innovative mixture of red and green development is presented, together with a concept of building integrated decentralized technologies for wastewater and organic waste treatment with energy and nutrients recovery. The concept is called sustainable implant. It is important to change the general attitude towards the different components of design, development, use and management of urban areas. A way to do so is the interconnection of different themes and cycles within cities. An example is the linking of sanitation to energy and food production. The paper shows the potentials of integrating solutions concerning energy and sanitation flows as near as possible to its origin of use and/or production. Introducing the analogy of the functioning of buildings (with respect to energy and sanitation flows) with that of a parasite. The system layout and the dimensioning backgrounds are explained in this paper. Additional emphasis is put on maintenance, conservation and administration of the integrated whole, and the possible consequences for the district and its inhabitants. There are scale limitations concerning the proposed (and realized) systems. Besides that there is a matter of a unique situation with an intentional community. Although two similar systems, however small, have been realized, no other project (in process of realization) can be found worldwide in which there is a linking of urban agriculture, waste (water) treatment and energy production at the scale of an urban district.

Prefabricated biogas reactor-based systems for community wastewater and organic waste treatment in developing regions

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cheng ◽  
Z. Li ◽  
H.-P. Mang ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
F. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Biogas Reactors ◽  
Biogas Reactor ◽  
Organic Waste Treatment ◽  
Urban Conditions

Population densities in cities of developing countries are much higher than in other parts of the world, and the predominance of poverty in urban slums is ubiquitous throughout the region. In many urban areas, the lack of wastewater and waste management continues to be a huge challenge for environment and health protection. Decentralized approaches are proposed to provide practical, alternative options for sustainable urban wastewater and waste management in urban conditions. Conventionally, on-site constructed brick/concrete biogas reactors are the most used models. However, long construction periods, quality issues and leakage of biogas are often the disadvantages of construction design. In contrast to these systems, prefabricated biogas reactors can be produced off-site from different kinds of material. In this paper, prefabricated biogas reactor and treatment systems will be discussed, which could be applied in different developing countries. Meanwhile, some existing cases in China, Indonesia and South Africa are presented to show clear scenarios.

scholarly journals Agent-Based Modelling of Urban District Energy System Decarbonisation – A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardak Akhatova ◽  
Lukas Kranzl ◽  
Fabian Schipfer ◽  
Charitha Buddhika Heendeniya
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
District Energy ◽  
Industrial Energy

There is an increased interest in the district-scale energy transition within interdisciplinary research community. Agent-based modelling presents a suitable approach to address variety of questions related to policies, technologies, processes, and the different stakeholder roles that can foster such transition. This state-of-the-art review focuses on the application of agent-based modelling for exploring policy interventions that facilitate the decarbonisation (i.e., energy transition) of districts and neighbourhoods while considering stakeholders’ social characteristics and interactions. We systematically select and analyse peer-reviewed literature and discuss the key modelling aspects, such as model purpose, agents and decision-making logic, spatial and temporal aspects, and empirical grounding. The analysis reveals that the most established agent-based models’ focus on innovation diffusion (e.g., adoption of solar panels) and dissemination of energy-saving behaviour among a group of buildings in urban areas. We see a considerable gap in exploring the decisions and interactions of agents other than residential households, such as commercial and even industrial energy consumers (and prosumers). Moreover, measures such as building retrofits and conversion to district energy systems involve many stakeholders and complex interactions between them that up to now have hardly been represented in the agent-based modelling environment.

A hybrid biological and thermal waste-to-energy system with heat energy recovery and utilization for solid organic waste treatment

Energy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 214-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxin Zhang ◽  
Xiang Kan ◽  
Ye Shen ◽  
Kai-Chee Loh ◽  
Chi-Hwa Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Organic Waste Treatment ◽  
Heat Energy Recovery

scholarly journals The effectiveness of biopore technology on infiltration rate and organic waste processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 878 (1) ◽  
pp. 012045
Author(s):  
I V Simanjuntak ◽  
Setiyadi ◽  
A S Mulyani ◽  
L E Hutabarat
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Organic Waste Treatment ◽  
Water Catchment

Abstract An environmental problem that often occurs during the rainy season is standing rainwater. Therefore, some water catchment areas are needed to reduce standing water that will minimize environmental damage instead. In densely populated urban areas the available space for water infiltration is very limited. Using biopore infiltration holes’ technology which uses organic waste to increase the rate of water infiltration into the soil can be an alternative solution. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of biopore infiltration holes with organic waste treatment to increase the rate of infiltration of soil. The methodology used in this study is the Horton test, in which biopore infiltration holes are using PVC pipes with various diameter 3 in, 4 in, and 5 in. The measurement of the infiltration rate observed by decrease in water level every interval of 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, and 30 min continually. The results show that the effectiveness of biopore infiltration holes using PVC pipe with a diameter of 3 in, 4 in and 5 in are increasing 62.92%, 70.60%, and 54.11% respectively.

scholarly journals Agent-Based Modelling of Urban District Energy System Decarbonisation—A Systematic Literature Review

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Ardak Akhatova ◽  
Lukas Kranzl ◽  
Fabian Schipfer ◽  
Charitha Buddhika Heendeniya
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
District Energy ◽  
Industrial Energy

There is an increased interest in the district-scale energy transition within interdisciplinary research community. Agent-based modelling presents a suitable approach to address variety of questions related to policies, technologies, processes, and the different stakeholder roles that can foster such transition. However, it is a largely complex and versatile methodology which hinders its broader uptake by researchers as well as improved results. This state-of-the-art review focuses on the application of agent-based modelling for exploring policy interventions that facilitate the decarbonisation (i.e., energy transition) of districts and neighbourhoods while considering stakeholders’ social characteristics and interactions. We systematically select and analyse peer-reviewed literature and discuss the key modelling aspects, such as model purpose, agents and decision-making logic, spatial and temporal aspects, and empirical grounding. The analysis reveals that the most established agent-based models’ focus on innovation diffusion (e.g., adoption of solar panels) and dissemination of energy-saving behaviour among a group of buildings in urban areas. We see a considerable gap in exploring the decisions and interactions of agents other than residential households, such as commercial and even industrial energy consumers (and prosumers). Moreover, measures such as building retrofits and conversion to district energy systems involve many stakeholders and complex interactions between them that up to now have hardly been represented in the agent-based modelling environment. Hence, this work contributes to better understanding and further improving the research on transition towards decarbonised society.

Design and Operation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants by the Microbial Film Process

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Iwai ◽  
Y. Oshino ◽  
T. Tsukada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Microbial Film

Although the ratio of sewer systems to population in Japan has been improving in recent years, the construction of sewer systems in small communities such as farming or fishing villages, etc. had lagged behind that of urban areas. However, construction of small-scale sewer systems in farming and fishing villages has been actively carried out in recent years. This report explains the history of the promotion of small-scale sewer systems, why submerged filter beds are being employed in many cases, and introduces the design, operation and maintenance of representative waste-water treatment plants in farming and fishing villages which incorporate de-nitrogen and dephosphorization.

Modelling waste output from trout farms

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 103-121
Author(s):  
J.-O. Frier ◽  
J. From ◽  
T. Larsen ◽  
G. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Waste Discharge ◽  
Scientific Background ◽  
Trout Farms

The aim of waste modelling in aquaculture is to provide tools for simulating input, transformation, output and subsidiary degradation in recipients of organic compounds, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The direct purpose of this modelling is to make it possible for caretakers and water authorities to calculate waste discharge from existing and planned aquaculture activities. A special purpose is simulating outcome of waste water treatment and altered feeding programmes. Different submodels must be applied for P, N, and organics, as well as for the different phases of food and waste treatment. Altogether this calls for an array of co-operating submodels for a sufficient coverage of the options. In all the required fields there is some scientific background for numerical model approaches, and some submodels have been proposed. Because of its multidisciplinary character a synthesized approach is still lacking. Within trout farming this work attempts to establish the different submodels and outlines future possibilities for synthesizing the knowledge to a numerical model.

Integrated waste water management for a small river basin - a case study

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
R. Fenz ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
N. Kreuzinger ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Management ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
The North ◽  
Waste Water Management

In Austria approximately 70% of the population is connected to sewerage and to biological waste water treatment plants. Whereas the urban areas are already provided with these facilities to a very high extent, effort is still needed in rural areas to meet the requirements of the Austrian legislation. The way, this task should be solved has provoked much controversy. It is mainly the question, whether centralised or decentralised sewage disposal systems are preferable from the ecological and economical point of view, that became a political issue during the last 5 years. The Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management was asked to elaborate a waste water management concept for the Lainsitz River Basin, a mainly rural area in the north of Austria discharging to the Elbe river. Both ecological and economical aspects should be considered. This paper presents the methodology that was applied and the criteria which were decisive for the selection of the final solution.

Smart Cities and Smart Regulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Rønne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Smart Regulation

Increasing focus on sustainable societies and ‘smart cities’ due to emphasis on mitigation of climate change is simultaneous with ‘smart regulation’ reaching the forefront of the political agenda. Consequently, the energy sector and its regulation are undergoing significant innovation and change. Energy innovations include transition from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources and application of new computer technology, interactively matching production with consumer demand. Smart cities are growing and projects are being initiated for development of urban areas and energy systems. Analysis from ‘Smart Cities Accelerator’, developed under the EU Interreg funding programme that includes Climate-KIC,——provides background for the focus on a smart energy system. Analysis ensures the energy supply systems support the integration of renewables with the need for new technologies and investments. ‘Smart’ is trendy, but when becoming ‘smart’ leads to motivation that is an important step towards mitigating climate change.

Identifying land cover suitability factors for photovoltaic installations with focus on cropland and urban areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhura Yeligeti ◽  
Wenxuan Hu ◽  
Yvonne Scholz ◽  
Kai von Krbek
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Settlements

<p>Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems will foreseeably be an integral part of future energy systems. Land cover area analysis has a large influence on estimatiin of long-term solar photovoltaic potential of the world in high spatial detail. In this regard, it is often seen in contemporary works, that the suitability of various land cover categories for PV installation is considered in a yes/no binary response. While some areas like natural parks, sanctuaries, forests are usually completely exempted from PV potential calculations, other land over categories like urban settlements, bare, sparsely vegetated areas, and even cropland can principally support PV installations to varying degrees. This depends on the specific land use competition, social, economic and climatic conditions, etc. In this study, we attempt to evaluate these ‘factors of suitability’ of different land cover types for PV installations.</p><p>As a basis, the openly available global land cover datasets from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service were used to identify major land cover types like cropland, shrubland, bare, wetlands, urban settlements, forests, moss and snow etc. For open area PV installations, with a focus on cropland, we incorporated the promising technology of ‘Agri-voltaics’ in our investigation. Different crops have shown to respond positively or negatively, so far, to growing under PV panels according to various experimental and commercial sources. Hence, we considered 18 major crops of the world (covering 85% of world cropland) individually and consequently, evaluated a weighted overall suitability factor of cropland cover for PV, for three acceptance scenarios of future.</p><p>For rooftop PV installations in urban areas, various socio-economic and geographical influences come in play. The rooftop area available and further usable for PV depends on housing patterns (roof type, housing density) which vary with climate, population density and socio-economic lifestyle. We classified global urban areas into several clusters based on combinations of these factors. For each cluster, rooftop area suitability is evaluated at a representative location using the land cover maps, the Open Street Map and specific characteristics of the cluster.</p><p>Overall, we present an interdisciplinary approach to integrate technological, social and economic aspects in land cover analysis to estimate PV potentials. While the intricacies may still be insufficient for planning small localized energy systems, this can reasonably benefit energy system modelling from a regional to international scale.</p>

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