Stimulated Dissociation of Complex Ions and Structural Relaxation in Molten Non-Equilibrium MgCl2 and ZnCl2

2014 ◽  
Vol 595 ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.M. Shabanov ◽  
S.I. Suleimanov ◽  
В.Y. Gyulov ◽  
A.O. Magomedova
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Structural Relaxation ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Pulsed Fields ◽  
Non Equilibrium

On exposure of high-voltage microsecond pulsed fields the molten salts pass into a non-equilibrium state with disappearance of the characteristic peaks of the Raman spectra and increased electrical conductivity. In the course of the relaxation of nonequilibrium melts their Raman spectra and electrical conductivities are restored to the values and features specific to equilibrium systems in over about 10 minutes.

Activation of Solid and Molten Electrolytes and their Relaxation

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman M. Shabanov ◽  
P.T. Kachaev ◽  
Sagim I. Suleymanov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Solid Electrolytes ◽  
Equilibrium System ◽  
Pulsed Fields ◽  
Molten Electrolytes ◽  
Non Equilibrium

On exposure of high-voltage microsecond pulsed fields, the molten and solid electrolytes are transited into a prolonged non-equilibrium state with increased electrical conductivity and disappeared characteristic peaks in Raman spectra. During the multistep relaxation of non-equilibrium electrolytes the initial conductivity and Raman spectra are restored to the values and patterns characteristic for equilibrium system.

scholarly journals Electrospray characteristics of aqueous KCl solutions with various electrical conductivities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahand Faraji ◽  
Behnam Sadri ◽  
Babak Vajdi Hokmabad ◽  
Esmaeil Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
Navid Jadidoleslam
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Voltage Electrode ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Conductivity Variation ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Stainless Steel Ring

In the present experimental study, the effects of electrical conductivity on electrospraying procedure are investigated.A metallic nozzle with 600 m ID as high voltage electrode and a stainless steel ring as a groundelectrode were employed. Experiments were carried out in still room temperature. Four different aqueous KClsolutions were sprayed in various high voltages and flow rates. Results confirm that spraying modes changeswith conductivity variation. For forming a cone shape, emerging from the nozzle, required applied electric fielddecreases with conductivity increasing. Results also revealed that conductivity of dispersed solution acts a mainrole on forming and elongation of the cones in electrospraying procedure. The size and velocity of emanateddroplets are also investigated in order to gaining some insight to the electrospraying phenomenon.

Electrical Conductivity of Molten LaCl3-NaCl, LaCl3-KCl, and LaCl3-CaCl2

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1055-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Fukushima ◽  
Y. Iwadate ◽  
Y. Andou ◽  
T. Kawashima ◽  
J. Mochinaga
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Complex Anion ◽  
Quadratic Functions ◽  
Octahedral Complex ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract The electrical conductivities (x's) of molten LaCl3-NaCl, LaCl3-KCl, and LaCl3-CaCl2 were measured at 893-1168 K, by a conventional ac technique and fitted by quadratic functions of temperature. They increase with increasing temperature and decrease with increasing mole fraction of LaCl3. The equivalent conductivities (A's) follow a linear relationship of In A vs. 1/T The A's of LaCl3-NaCl and LaCl3-KCl decrease drastically with increasing LaCl3 concentration. A of molten LaCl3 is smaller than that of molten CaCl2, in which the octahedral complex anion CaCl4-6 is known to exist. It seems reasonable to assume that complex ions or cluster species such as LaCl36- and La2Cl3 exist in molten LaCl3 and its mixture melts. Similar results, reported in a previous paper, were obtained for PrCl3-NaCl, PrCl3-KCl, and PrCl3-CaCl2

Electrical conductivity studies on silica phases and the effects of phase transformation

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1800-1805
Author(s):  
George M. Amulele ◽  
Anthony W. Lanati ◽  
Simon M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Activation Volume ◽  
Activation Enthalpy ◽  
Hydrogen Charge ◽  
Charge Compensation ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Silica Phases

Abstract Starting with the same sample, the electrical conductivities of quartz and coesite have been measured at pressures of 1, 6, and 8.7 GPa, respectively, over a temperature range of 373–1273 K in a multi-anvil high-pressure system. Results indicate that the electrical conductivity in quartz increases with pressure as well as when the phase change from quartz to coesite occurs, while the activation enthalpy decreases with increasing pressure. Activation enthalpies of 0.89, 0.56, and 0.46 eV, were determined at 1, 6, and 8.7 GPa, respectively, giving an activation volume of –0.052 ± 0.006 cm3/mol. FTIR and composition analysis indicate that the electrical conductivities in silica polymorphs is controlled by substitution of silicon by aluminum with hydrogen charge compensation. Comparing with electrical conductivity measurements in stishovite, reported by Yoshino et al. (2014), our results fall within the aluminum and water content extremes measured in stishovite at 12 GPa. The resulting electrical conductivity model is mapped over the magnetotelluric profile obtained through the tectonically stable Northern Australian Craton. Given their relative abundances, these results imply potentially high electrical conductivities in the crust and mantle from contributions of silica polymorphs. The main results of this paper are as follows:The electrical conductivity of silica polymorphs is determined by impedance spectroscopy up to 8.7 GPa.The activation enthalpy decreases with increasing pressure indicating a negative activation volume across the silica polymorphs.The electrical conductivity results are consistent with measurements observed in stishovite at 12 GPa.

A theoretical extension for the electrical conductivity of molten salts

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanobu Kusakabe ◽  
Shigeharu Takeno ◽  
Takahiro Koishi ◽  
Shigeki Matsunaga ◽  
Shigeru Tamaki
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Molten Salts

Enhancement of electrical conductivity and chemical durability of 20R2O•10Fe2O3•xWO3•(70−x)V2O5 glass (R=Na, K) caused by structural relaxation

2013 ◽  
Vol 378 ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Kubuki ◽  
Koken Matsuda ◽  
Kazuhiko Akiyama ◽  
Zoltán Homonnay ◽  
Katalin Sinkó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Structural Relaxation ◽  
Chemical Durability

Ostwald´s Rule and the Principle of the Shortest Way

2010 ◽  
Vol 224 (06) ◽  
pp. 929-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Thermodynamic Stability ◽  
Lagrange Equation ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Geodesic Line ◽  
Final Equilibrium State ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractWe consider a substance X with two monotropic modifications 1 and 2 of different thermodynamic stability ΔH1 < ΔH2. Ostwald´s rule states that first of all the instable modification 1 crystallizes on cooling down liquid X, which subsequently turns into the stable modification 2. Numerous examples verify this rule, however what is its reason? Ostwald´s rule can be traced back to the principle of the shortest way. We start with Hamilton´s principle and the Euler-Lagrange equation of classical mechanics and adapt it to thermodynamics. Now the relevant variables are the entropy S, the entropy production P = dS/dt, and the time t. Application of the Lagrangian F(S, P, t) leads us to the geodesic line S(t). The system moves along the geodesic line on the shortest way I from its initial non-equilibrium state i of entropy Si to the final equilibrium state f of entropy Sf. The two modifications 1 and 2 take different ways I1 and I2. According to the principle of the shortest way, I1 < I2 is realized in the first step of crystallization only. Now we consider a supercooled sample of liquid X at a temperature T just below the melting point of 1 and 2. Then the change of entropy ΔS1 = Sf 1 - Si 1 on crystallizing 1 can be related to the corresponding chang of enthalpy by ΔS1 = ΔH1/T. Now it can be shown that the shortest way of crystallization I1 corresponds under special, well-defined conditions to the smallest change of entropy ΔS1 < ΔS2 and thus enthalpy ΔH1 < ΔH2. In other words, the shortest way of crystallization I1 really leads us to the instable modification 1. This is Ostwald´s rule.

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