Improve the Temperature Resistance of Guar Gum by Silanization

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 652-655
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Gang Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Optimized Conditions

For gelating agent in hydraulic fracturing fluid, the temperature resistance is required. To improve the temperature resistance of Guar gum (GG), it was modified by silanization. The reaction conditions were investigated, and the optimized conditions were as following: the reaction temperature of 85°C, 5: 1 molar ratio of guar gum to TMS-Cl and 4-6 h of reaction time. The viscosity of silanized guar gum (SGG) aqueous gel was greatly improved even high temperature at 80°C.

Preparation and Characterization of Cationic Cassia Tora Gum

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 526-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Ying Li ◽  
Chun Mei Niu ◽  
Hua Yu Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cassia Tora ◽  
Dispersing Agent

Series of cationic cassia tora gum (CCTG) were synthesized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as cationic etherifying agent, isopropanol-water solution as dispersing agent, in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. The optimum ratio for preparing the cationic cassia tora gum are that CHPTAC-CTG molar ratio is 0.6:1; NaOH-CHPTAC molar ratio is 1.3:1.The optimum conditions are that reaction temperature is 55°Cand reaction time is 3.5 h. The cold water solubility was improved apparently. The solution transmittance has corresponding relationship with the nitrogen content (N%) in the certain range, and the maximum transmittance is up to 87.2%. N% increased with the increase of reaction time and stable N% can be obtained in shorter reaction time at higher reaction temperature. The products were characterized by 13C-NMR. The heat resistance of CTG and CCTG were analyzed.

Effects of Microwave and Additional Co–Solvents on Two–Stage Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Conversion

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1136-1141
Author(s):  
Ming Chien Hsiao ◽  
Yung Hung Chang ◽  
Li Wen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Standard Value

This paper introduced a better solution to accelerating the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by using suitable acidic and alkaline catalysts in a two-stage catalytic reaction. Next, a co-solvent named tetrahydrofuran (THF), which significantly increased mixing level of the reactants in the mixture of vegetable oil and methanol, was added to form a single phase system. The whole system was then put into a microwave oven to support heat for the transesterification of biodiesel to shorten the reaction time. Reaction conditions of the first stage were methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst amount 1wt%, reaction temperature 60 oC and reaction time 7.5 minutes. In the second stage, for the transesterification, reaction conditions were methanol to oil molar ratio 12:1, catalyst loadings 1 wt%, reaction temperature 60 oC and reaction time 1.5 minutes. Finally, the conversion rate of biodiesel after the nine-minute reaction time was 97.38% which was higher than the EU EN14214 standard value of 96.5%.

Study on a High-Temperature Delayed Cross-Linked Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 252-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhao ◽  
Qi Song ◽  
Hai Lin ◽  
Yan Ling Wang ◽  
Zeng Bao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Zirconium Oxychloride ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Acid System ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions

A retarded zirconium cross-linking agent ECA-1 was prepared by using zirconium oxychloride, lactic acid， xylitol, and so on, then we got a high-temperature delayed cross-linking acid with cross-linking agent ECA-1 added to EVA-180 gelling acid, cross-linked acid performance and its influencing factors were discussed in details, such as reaction conditions of crosslinker, concentrations of crosslinker and thickener, and so on. The results showed that the obtained cross-linked acid had good temperature-tolerate and shear-tolerate properties when the mass ratio of zirconium oxychloride, lactic acid and xylitol is 1:1.25:0.0208 , the reaction temperature is 50~55°C, the reaction time is 4 hours, the delayed cross-linking time of acid system can be adjusted by changing the dosage of crosslinker and thickener.

Research on Synthesis Regularity of Epoxysuccinic Acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 942-945
Author(s):  
Qing He Gao ◽  
Yi Can Wang ◽  
Zhi Feng Hou ◽  
Hui Juan Qian ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Synthesis System ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Sodium Hydrate

The yield of epoxysuccinic acid was obtained by determining the content of unreacted maleic anhydride and tartaric acid as a by-product in synthesis system. This method could calculate the yield of epoxysuccinic acid precisely and overcome the disadvantage of obtaining inpure product by recrystallization method. Epoxysuccinic Acid was synthesized using maleic anhydride as raw material, hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and tungstate as catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, ratio of materials, dosage of oxidizer and catalyst on epoxidation and hydrolysis reaction was investigated. The results showed that the yield of epoxysuccinic acid was 88% when the reaction conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 65°C, reaction time 1.5h, catalyst dosage 3%(based on mass of maleic anhydride), molar ratio of sodium hydrate to maleic anhydride 2:1, mass ratio of hydrogen peroxide to maleic anhydride 1:1.

Synthesis of Benzaldehyde 1, 2-Propanediol Acetal by Using Ionic Liquid [Hmim]HSO4 as Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 400-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Nan Sun ◽  
Li Cui ◽  
Tong Kuan Xu ◽  
Da Zhi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Good Catalyst ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Benzaldehyde 1, 2-propanediol acetal was synthesized from benzaldehyde and 1, 2-propanediol in the presence of ionic liquid [HMIM]HSO4. The effect of the amount of catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature, and the molar ratio of raw materials agent on the product yield was investigated respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that ionic liquid [HMIM]HSO4is a good catalyst for preparation of benzaldehyde 1, 2-propanediol acetal. Results showed the optimal reaction conditions are as follows: the mole ratio of benzaldehyde to 1, 2-propanediol is 1：1.3, the amount of catalyst is 3.0g, the reaction temperature is 343K, and the reaction time is 4h. The achieved yield of acetal is 78. 7%.

Synthesis of Biodiesel by Phase Transfer Catalysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Qin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Phase Transfer Catalysis ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Biodiesel was synthesized starting soybean oil and methanol using K2CO3 and phase-transfer catalysis TBAB. It was studied that the yield of biodiesel can be changed with reaction factors such as the kind and the amount of phase-transfer catalysis, the amount of K2CO3, reaction time, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil, reaction temperature. The results show that the reaction conditions are as following: mass ratio of TBAB to soybean oil weight 0.6%, mass ratio of K2CO3 to soybean oil weight 1.5%, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil 6∶1, reaction time 20 min, reaction temperature 40 °C. The yield of biodiesel reached 95% under the optimum reaction conditions.

Transesterification of NDC with EG: Effects of Reaction Conditions on NDC Conversion

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 2774-2778
Author(s):  
Lin Ping Sun ◽  
Qian Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Zinc Acetate ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Transesterification of dimethyl 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate with ethylene glycol over metal salts catalyst was empolyed as probe reation. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, the molar ratio of ethylene glycol to dimethyl 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate, N2 flowrate, kind of metal salt on the conversion of dimethyl 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate have been investigated. The results showed that the sequence of influence was as follows: reaction temperature > reaction time > ethylene glycol/dimethyl 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate molar ratio > amount of the catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions were 210 oC of reaction temperature, 240 min of reaction time, 2.8 molar ratio of ethylene glycol to dimethyl 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate, 60 ml/min of N2, amount of zinc acetate being 0.08 % / mole of dimethyl 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate.

scholarly journals Utilization of Electric Arc Furnace Dust as a Solid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled El-Araby Khodary ◽  
Marwa Mohamed Naeem ◽  
Mai Hassan Roushdy
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Dust

Abstract World’s energy sources like petrochemical oils, natural gas and coal cause global warming and environmental pollution. Therefore, the traditional energy sources must be replaced by the renewable energy resources. Biodiesel has been recognized as one of the effective, green, renewable and sustainable fuels. This paper investigates the production of biodiesel from sunflower oil by using electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) as a heterogeneous solid catalyst. Four reaction variables i.e. the reaction time, methanol to oil (M:O) molar ratio, reaction temperature, and EAFD loading were chosen to determine their effect on biodiesel production. The effect of the all reaction variables on the biodiesel yield was evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). A relation has been developed representing the biodiesel conversion as function of all the independent variables. Reaction conditions optimization have been studied for the biodiesel yield maximization and the reaction conditions minimization. The optimum biodiesel yield equals 96 % at reaction temperature of 57 o C, Methanol to oil molar ratio of 20:1, and reaction time of 1h, and EAFD loading of 5%.

Selective Epoxidation of Styrene with Mn-TAML/TBHP

2014 ◽  
Vol 685 ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ge Wang ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Ya Ru Liu ◽  
Hui Ying Liu ◽  
Zhi Min Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Styrene Oxide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Styrene Epoxidation ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Styrene was selectively oxidized to styrene oxide with macrocylic amido Mn (II) complex as catalyst and tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, solvents, amount of catalyst and oxidant on the conversion and selectivity of styrene epoxidation were investigated. The optimized conditions were achieved by molar ratio of n (catalyst) :n (styrene)=1% in acetonitrile solvent at 75 °C in 1.5 h. Under optimum reaction conditions, reaction conversion of 92.6% and selectivity of 86.9 % were obtained.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ruthenium Complex Based on 2,6-Bis(1-(phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine and 2-(1-Phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzoate and Catalytical Oxidation Property of 1-(1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanol to 1-(1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanone with H2O2

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Shenggui Liu ◽  
Rongkai Pan ◽  
Guobi Li ◽  
Wenyi Su ◽  
Chunlin Ni
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Ruthenium Complex ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Optimal Reaction

A new ruthenium complex, Ru(bpbp)(pbb)Cl, based on 2,6-bis(1-(phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (bpbp) and 2-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzoate (pbb) was synthesized. The complex Ru(bpbp)(pbb)Cl could catalytically oxidize 1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanol to 1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanone with H2O2 as oxidant. Influence of temperature and catalyst amount on the oxidation reaction was evaluated. The reaction optimal conditions are as follows: molar ratio of catalyst to substrate to H2O2 is 1 : 1000 : 3000, the proper reaction temperature is 50°C and reaction time lasts 5 h, and the isolated yield of 1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanol to 1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethanone under the optimal reaction conditions is 57%.

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