Study on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Behaviours of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Zaini Nurul Aizan ◽  
Salim Abdul Salim Zainathul Akhmar ◽  
Ahmad Mohd Muhiddin ◽  
Zainudin Nor Hazwani ◽  
Jamil Siti Sarah
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Kenaf Fibre ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Mechanical Behaviours ◽  
Fibre Loading

In recent years, natural fibres appear to be as an outstanding material to substitute the conventional reinforcement materials in polymer composites. Kenaf fibre reinforced natural rubber (KFNR) composite was prepared by incorporating of different loadings of kenaf fibre using two roll mill machines. The compound was vulcanised at 150°C according to their respective cure time. The intention of this study is to investigate the influence of kenaf fibre on cure characteristics and mechanical bahaviour of (KFNR) composites.The result showed that the higher fibre content in composites led to shorter optimum cure time, t90. It was also observed that the tensile strength and elongation at break gradually decreased with an increment in fibre loadings. However, the trend was not similar for the hardness where the hardness value was increased by the increment of fibre loadings. The study has exhibited that the optimum fibre loading for the best performance of the composite achieved was 10 phr. The Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph clarified that fibre dispersion and adhesion were weak thus resulting low in tensile strength and elongation at break.

Waste Silicon Carbide as Filler for Natural Rubber Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 979 ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apaipan Rattanapan ◽  
Jitrakha Paksamut ◽  
Pornsri Pakeyangkoon ◽  
Surakit Tuampoemsab
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

This work studied possibilities of using waste silicon carbide (SiC) particles from abrasive industry as alternative filler in natural rubber (NR) compounds. The rubber was prepared by using natural rubber grade STR 5L and waste silicon carbide loading of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 phr. Firstly, the rubber were compounded by using two roll mill and then using Oscillating Disc Rheometer for studying cure time at one hundred and fifty degree Celsius. Then, shear viscosity and extrudate swell of the compounded natural rubber were characterized by using capillary rheometer at 100°C. The result showed that the apparent shear viscosity increased slightly with increasing waste silicon carbide loading and the percentage of extrudate swell was found to be a decreasing function of the filler loading. Then, test tensile by using the prepared samples for studying tensile modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. The result showed that tensile modulus and tensile strength increased with increasing waste silicon carbide. On the other hand, the elongation at break of the filled natural rubber decreased with increasing waste silicon carbide. Finally, bring the sample to test hardness by using shore A. Results indicated that waste silicon carbide direct variation with the indicator of hardness.

Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled Bacterial Cellulose

2016 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Chaiwute Vudjung
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Mooney Viscosity

Natural rubber (NR) containing the nata de coco fiber or Bacterial cellulose (BC) was prepared by co-coagulation of BC and concentrated NR latex with CaCl2 and compounded by two roll mill. The effect of BC content was the important factor in this study. It was that found tensile strength and elongation at break of NR filled BC (NR/BC) decreased with increasing BC content. The addition of BC into NR affect Mooney viscosity of NR/BC masterbatch, with increasing BC content, scorch time and cure time of their compound decreased.

Effect of Oleic Acid on Properties of Natural Rubber Filled Bacterial Cellulose

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
Saowaluk Boonyod ◽  
Chaiwute Vudjung
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Mooney Viscosity

Natural rubber (NR) containing the nata de coco fiber or Bacterial cellulose (BC) was prepared by co-coagulation of BC and concentrated NR latex with CaCl2 and compounded by two roll mill. The effect of oleic acid (OA) containing in NR filled BC (NR/BC) was the important factor in this study. BC was varied from 0–25 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), and the Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics and mechanical properties of NR/BC with and without OA as compatiblizer was evaluated. It was found that tear strength and elongation at break of NR/BC containing OA improved. The addition of OA into NR/BC affect vulcanization properties of NR/BC masterbatch that retard the cure time of their compound. Of all BC contents investigated, the vulcanized NR/BC at 10-20 phr of BC with OA shows the optimum tear strength and the morphology of the vulcanized NR/BC is improved by the addition of OA.

Mechanical Properties, Morphological Properties, and Cure Characteristics of Sisal Fiber/Natural Rubber Composites: Effects of Fiber and Compatibilizer Content

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 1171-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wittawat Wongsorat ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

Sisal fiber/natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by the incorporation of sisal fiber into NR at various content (10, 20, 30 phr) using a two-roll mill. Natural rubber grafted with maleic anhydride (NR-g-MA) prepared in house was used to improve interfacial adhesion between sisal fiber and NR matrix. NR-g-MA contents were varied. Mechanical properties, morphologies, and cure characteristics of the composites were studied. Maximum torque, modulus at 100% strain (M100), modulus at 300% strain (M300), and hardness of the composites increased with increasing fiber content while scorch time, cure time, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased. The addition of NR-g-MA into the composites gave a positive impact on M100, M300, tensile strength, and hardness. Moreover, increasing NR-g-MA content resulted in increased scorch time, cure time, maximum torque, M100, M300, tensile strength, and hardness of the composites. SEM micrographs of the composites revealed that the addition of NR-g-MA into the composites improved the interfacial interaction between sisal fiber and NR matrix. In addition, the compatibilized NR composites exhibited higher specific tensile strength and modulus than the carbon black/NR composites.

Effects of Surfactant Content and Clay Content on Properties of NR Nanocomposites

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalermpan Keawkumay ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

Montmorillonite (MMT) was modified by octadecylamine (ODA) surfactant. The surfactant contents were varied, i.e. 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 times the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the MMT. XRD and FTIR spectra of the organoclay revealed that ODA molecules intercalated into MMT layers. The MMT-ODA was melt-mixed with natural rubber (NR) using a two roll mill. Effects of surfactant content and organoclay content on cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and morphologies of NR nanocomposites were investigated. Morphologies of the NR nanocomposites, with increasing surfactant content, revealed the exfoliated structure and the good dispersion of the organoclay in the NR matrix. These caused the enhancement of mechanical properties of the NR nanocomposites. With increasing the MMT-ODA2 content up to 5 phr, scorch time and cure time of the NR nanocomposites decreased while their tensile strength increased.

Sisal Fiber/Natural Rubber Composites: Effect of Fiber Content and Interfacial Modification

2011 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wittawat Wongsorat ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Interfacial Modification ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Fiber Treatment ◽  
Cure Time

Sisal fiber/natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by the incorporation of sisal fiber into NR at contents of 10-30 phr. Fiber treatment (alkalization) and adding maleic anhydride grafted natural rubber (NR-g-MA) were used to improve interfacial adhesion between sisal fiber and NR matrix. Mechanical properties, morphologies, and cure characteristics of the composites were studied. With increasing fiber content, modulus at 100% strain (M100), modulus at 300% strain (M300), and hardness of the composites increased whereas tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. Cure time of the composites decreased with increasing fiber content but scorch time was not much affected by fiber content. Alkali treated sisal fiber/NR composite exhibited higher tensile properties and hardness than untreated sisal fiber/NR composite at all fiber content due to the improved adhesion between fiber and NR matrix through the mechanical interlocking mechanism. Alkalization showed no effect on scorch time and cure time of the composites. The addition of NR-g-MA into the composites increased M100, M300, tensile strength, and hardness but prolonged scorch time and cure time. NR-g-MA provided more effective improvement of the mechanical properties of the composites when compared to fiber alkalization.

scholarly journals The effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) / chloroprene rubber (CR) blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Syahrul Fauzi Siregar ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the silica-filled NR/CR blends as a non-toxic rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the silica-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength at a 1.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling measurement proved that the 1.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the silica-filled NR/CR blends.

scholarly journals Thermal, Morphological and Physic-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber - CaCO3 Composites Using Jatropha Oil as Softener.

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 05016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasruddin ◽  
Tri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

The urgency of green technology in rubber compounding has become a critical issue recently. In this research, the effect of using renewable resources in rubber compounding has been studied. Commercial Calcium Carbonate, Silica and Jatropha Oil were used in natural rubber composite. The research was designed by varying the types of commercial filler namely CaCO3 (47-51) phr, silica (47-51) phr and Jatropha Oil (4-6) phr in natural rubber composites (SIR-20). The formulas were intentionally designed for rubber tips vulcanizates. The samples were characterized by the determination of physic-mechanical, thermal (TGA) and morphological (SEM) properties. From the measured results, there is no significant effect on the tensile strength, specific gravity, and hardness on the loading of commercial CaCO3 and Silica in natural rubber composites using Jatropha Oil. However, a slight difference in elongation at break and abrasion resistance could be detected. Compared to the commercial rubber tips, the rubber tips produced in this research have higher tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion resistance. Due to the usage of commercial CaCO3 and Silica, the SEM micrographs show rough surface because of the agglomeration. The thermogram shows clearly the compositional analysis of the rubber tips vulcanizates consist of Jatropha Oil and natural rubber, CaCO3, ash and other filler residues such as Silica.

Effect of Short Banana Fiber on Hardness and Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 904 ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Thapanee Wongpreedee ◽  
Chana Prapruddivongs ◽  
Nanthaya Kengkhetkit
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Banana Fiber ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

Banana fiber (BF) was utilized as a reinforcing filler for natural rubber (NR). BF/NR composites containing banana fiber contents of 5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) were mixed on a two-roll mill machine. The hardness, tensile properties of BF/NR composites were studied. It was found that the hardness and moduli of BF/NR composites are higher than that of NR. Despite tensile strength and strain at break of BF/NR composite lower than NR. Moreover, hardness and moduli of BF/NR composites increased, while tensile strength and strain at break decreased with the increase in banana fiber content. Thus, banana fiber exhibited improvement in the stiffness significantly of NR composites

Mechanochemical Devulcanization of Vulcanized Gum Natural Rubber

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-199
Author(s):  
G.K. Jana ◽  
C.K. Das
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Polymeric Chains ◽  
Cure Time

De-vulcanization of vulcanized elastomers represents a great challenge because of their three-dimensional network structure. Sulfur-cured gum natural rubbers containing three different sulfur/accelerator ratios were de-vulcanized by thio-acids. The process was carried out at 90 °C for 10 minutes in an open two-roll cracker-cum-mixing mill. Two concentrations of de-vulcanizing agent were tried in order to study the cleavage of the sulfidic bonds. The mechanical properties of the re-vulcanized rubber (like tensile strength, modulus, tear strength and elongation at break) were improved with increasing concentrations of de-vulcanizing agent, because the crosslink density increased. A decrease in scorch time and in optimum cure time and an increase in the state of cure were observed when vulcanized rubber was treated with high amounts of de-vulcanizing agent. The temperature of onset of degradation was also increased with increasing concentration of thio-acid. DMA analysis revealed that the storage modulus increased on re-vulcanization. From IR spectroscopy it was observed that oxidation of the main polymeric chains did not occur at the time of high temperature milling. Over 80% retention of the original mechanical properties (like tensile strength, modulus, tear strength and elongation at break) of the vulcanized natural rubber was achieved by this mechanochemical process.

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