The Measurement of Stresses within Oxides Produced on Austenitic and Ferritic Steels Using Raman Spectroscopy

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Hilson ◽  
Keith R. Hallam ◽  
Peter E.J. Flewitt
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Oxide Thickness ◽  
Applied Strain ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Thermally Grown Oxides ◽  
Thermally Grown

Raman spectroscopy has been used by various workers to provide a measure of the stresses within the oxides grown on metal substrates at high temperatures. In this paper, we consider thermally grown oxides produced on a Type 316 austenitic stainless steel and an iron 3% silicon ferritic steel. The oxides were grown in air at temperatures of 950oC and 650oC respectively over a range of times. These oxides have been characterised by producing cross-sections using focused ion beam milling. The variation of the Raman spectra wave number (He, Ne laser; λ = 633nm) for the oxides produced on the polycrystalline austenitic stainless steel and the ferritic steel were measured as a function of oxide thickness. This shift in wave number was a function of stress. For a fixed oxide thickness on the stainless steel substrate the specimen has been subject to a bending force. A back face strain gauge fixed to the metal substrate provided a measure of the applied strain. The peak wave number varied with applied strain. The results are discussed with respect to the potential to characterise the stresses produced in thermally grown oxides and as a tool to monitor applied stress.

Comparison of Corrosion Behavior of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 316 L in Static and Flowing Liquid Lead

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Rozumová ◽  
Lukáš Košek ◽  
Jan Vít ◽  
Anna Hojná ◽  
Patricie Halodová
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Oxide Thickness ◽  
Liquid Lead ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Nuclear Systems

Abstract Development of liquid lead cooled nuclear systems requires consideration of compatibility issues with the construction materials. In order to understand the corrosion or passivation behavior of the 316 L austenitic stainless steel, the steel specimens were exposed for 1000 h in liquid lead with 1 × 10−7 wt % oxygen level at 480 °C in static and flowing (velocity 1.6 m/s) conditions. Post-test microscopy investigation using scanning electron microscope with focused ion beam (FIB) was performed and it demonstrated significant differences in the formation of thin oxide layers in the two conditions. Maximum oxide thickness was 2 μm in the static lead (Pb) and less than 0.1 μm in the flowing Pb. In the static condition, oxide scale was not continuous and local corrosion attack was indicated; but in flowing condition the oxide layer was continuous without any corrosion attacks.

scholarly journals Depth-Resolved Phase Analysis of Expanded Austenite Formed in Austenitic Stainless Steel

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Darina Manova ◽  
Patrick Schlenz ◽  
Jürgen W. Gerlach ◽  
Stephan Mändl
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Anomalous Peak ◽  
Expanded Austenite

Expanded austenite γN formed after nitrogen insertion into austenitic stainless steel and CoCr alloys is known as a hard and very wear resistant phase. Nevertheless, no single composition and lattice expansion can describe this phase with nitrogen in solid solution. Using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) during ion beam sputtering of expanded austenite allows a detailed depth-dependent phase analysis, correlated with the nitrogen depth profiles obtained by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) or glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Additionally, in-plane XRD measurements at selected depths were performed for strain analysis. Surprisingly, an anomalous peak splitting for the (200) expanded peak was observed for some samples during nitriding and sputter etching, indicating a layered structure only for {200} oriented grains. The strain analysis as a function of depth and orientation of scattering vector (parallel/perpendicular to the surface) is inconclusive.

A Perspective on Fatigue Damage by Decoupling LCF and HCF Loads in a Type 316LN Stainless Steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aritra Sarkar ◽  
A. Nagesha ◽  
R. Sandhya ◽  
M.D. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
High Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Applied Strain ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
316Ln Stainless Steel ◽  
Type 316Ln Stainless Steel

AbstractPrior low cycle fatigue (LCF) deformation in a 316LN austenitic stainless steel reduced the remnant high cycle fatigue (HCF) life as a function of the amount of LCF exposure and the applied strain amplitude. A critical LCF pre-damage was found necessary for an effective LCF-HCF interaction to take place.

Characterisation of Microstructure and Properties of a Transition Weld

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Brayshaw ◽  
A. H. Sherry ◽  
M. G. Burke ◽  
P. James
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Material Interfaces ◽  
Local Composition ◽  
Microstructure And Properties

Transition welds represent a challenge for the assessment of structural integrity of nuclear plant due to the complexity of the microstructure, properties and local stress state. This paper presents the initial findings of a study aimed at characterising the local microstructure and properties of a transition weld between SA508-4N ferritic steel and SS316LN austenitic stainless steel using a nickel-base filler of Alloy 82. The local microstructures and local composition of the material interfaces are characterised using backscattered electron imaging and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ferritic steel shows significant grain refinement in the heat affected zone compared to the base metal. This refinement is also observed in the heat affected zone of the austenitic stainless steel although not as significant. Micro-hardness testing has also been incorporated to provide an indication of the influence of local microstructure on flow properties across the weld region. The results indicate a hardness range of between 180–340HV across the weld with the highest value in the heat affected zone of the ferritic steel and the lowest in the austenitic stainless steel. Yield and flow properties derived from flat transweld tensile tests incorporating digital image correlation are related to the micro-hardness results and microstructural characterisation, and an initial assessment of the fracture mechanism performed using fractography.

Thermal-stress analysis of IFMIF target back-wall made of reduced-activation ferritic steel and austenitic stainless steel

2009 ◽  
Vol 386-388 ◽  
pp. 987-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuho Ida ◽  
Teruo Chida ◽  
Kazuyuki Furuya ◽  
Eiichi Wakai ◽  
Hiroo Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Back Wall ◽  
Thermal Stress Analysis

scholarly journals Role of NaCl, CO2, and H2S on Electrochemical Behavior of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Simulated Oil Industry Environment

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Hany S. Abdo ◽  
Asiful H. Seikh
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Passive Film ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Electrochemical Behavior ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

The electrochemical behavior of 304 austenitic stainless steel (304ASS) was studied by different methods such as potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Potentiodynamic polarization data suggest that 304 ASS could be more susceptible to corrosion due to the presence of H2S. The coexistence of H2S and Cl−-type ionic species in 304 ASS lead to a decrease in the corrosion resistance as compared to the H2S-free condition. It is seen that CO2 helps form a passive layer on the metallic surface, which eventually decreases its corrosion rate. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows that the passive layer developed under different condition consists of FeCO3, FeS2, Fe2O3, Fe(OH)2, etc. SEM images further confirm that elemental S− and Cl− can infiltrate the passive film and cause the passive film to deteriorate.

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