The 3D Imaging and Metrology of CMSX-4 Superalloy Microstructure Using FIB-SEM Tomography Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kruk ◽  
Beata Dubiel ◽  
Aleksandra Czyrska-Filemonowicz
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tomography Method

STEM-EDX and FIB-SEM tomography studies have been carried out to visualize three-dimensional morphology of the γ’ precipitates in different zones of ex-service turbine blade made of CMSX-4 single crystal superalloy. The results allowed the three dimensional analysis of the changes in microstructure of blade as resulting of operating conditions. Tomographic reconstructions provided quantitative data about γ and γ’ phase shape, size and volume fraction. It was shown that FIB-SEM tomography technique is suitable for 3D reconstruction of the objects of 100 nm in size or even smaller and thus enables the accurate quantitative microstructural analysis of this superalloy.

3D Imaging and Metrology of Yttria Dispersoids in INCOLOY MA956 by Electron Tomography

2012 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Adam Kruk ◽  
Beata Dubiel ◽  
Aleksandra Czyrska-Filemonowicz
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Particle Shape ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ods Alloy ◽  
Meso Scale ◽  
Stem Tomography

TEM, HAADF-STEM tomography and FIB/SEM tomography studies have been carried out to visualize three-dimensional morphology of the oxide dispersoids in ferritic ODS alloy INCOLOY MA956. Electron tomography results provided quantitative data about particle shape, size and distribution of the particles, complementary to those obtained by means of quantitative TEM metallography. It was shown that FIB/SEM, a meso-scale tomography technique, is suitable for 3D reconstruction of the objects of 100 nm in size or even smaller.

Numerical Simulations of the Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer during a Solidification Phase Change of a Polymer in a Die

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 2736-2743
Author(s):  
Shi Xiong Ren ◽  
Sha Sha Dang ◽  
Tao Lu ◽  
Kui Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Liquid Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Thermal Oil

Three-dimensional models of heat transfer have been established and numerically solved using a commercial software package, Fluent, in order to obtain distributions of temperature, velocity, pressure, and liquid volume fraction of the polymer. The influences of the boundary conditions on the phase change of the polymer and the temperature distribution in the die have been evaluated. The results show that the temperature of the region close to the pelletizing surface is relatively low due to the cooling effect of the cool water, while the temperature deeper inside the die is higher, with a lower temperature gradient, as a result of the heating effect of the hot thermal oil and the polymer. A solidification phase change of the polymer occurs near the polymer outlet due to heat loss from the polymer to the water, while deeper inside the hole the polymer remains fluid without solidification, due to heating by the thermal oil. Numerical simulation provides a reliable method to optimize the design of the die, the choice of metallic material for the die, and the operating conditions of the polymer pelletizing under water.

Comparing ANSYS Fluent® and OpenFOAM® simulations of Geldart A, B and D bubbling fluidized bed hydrodynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Martin Venier ◽  
Andrés Reyes Urrutia ◽  
Juan Pablo Capossio ◽  
Jan Baeyens ◽  
Germán Mazza
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Bubbling Fluidized Bed ◽  
Bubble Sizes

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of ANSYS Fluent® and OpenFOAM®, at their current state of development, to study the relevant bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) characteristics with Geldart A, B and D particles. Design/methodology/approach For typical Geldart B and D particles, both a three-dimensional cylindrical and a pseudo-two-dimensional arrangement were used to measure the bed pressure drop and solids volume fraction, the latter by digital image analysis techniques. For a typical Geldart A particle, specifically to examine bubbling and slugging phenomena, a 2 m high three-dimensional cylindrical arrangement of small internal diameter was used. The hydrodynamics of the experimentally investigated BFB cases were also simulated for identical geometries and operating conditions using OpenFOAM® v6.0 and ANSYS Fluent® v19.2 at identical mesh and numerical setups. Findings The comparison between experimental and simulated results showed that both ANSYS Fluent® and OpenFOAM® provide a fair qualitative prediction of the bubble sizes and solids fraction for freely-bubbling Geldart B and D particles. For Geldart A particles, operated in a slugging mode, the qualitative predictions are again quite fair, but numerical values of relevant slug characteristics (length, velocity and frequency) slightly favor the use of OpenFOAM®, despite some deviations of predicted slug velocities. Originality/value A useful comparison of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software performance for different fluidized regimes is presented. The results are discussed and recommendations are formulated for the selection of the CFD software and models involved.

Characterization of the mineral phases of the iron ore pellet via 3D reconstruction using serial sectioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Wang Wei ◽  
Heng Zheng ◽  
Runsheng Xu ◽  
Fenglou Wu ◽  
Weilin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Serial Sectioning ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Binding Phase ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Iron Ore Pellet

A new analysis method based on serial sectioning and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was developed for the quantification of minerals in an iron ore pellet. The morphology and spatial distribution of the minerals in 3D space were analysed via 3D reconstructed images of an iron ore pellet. The volume fraction of the minerals in the 3D image was also calculated based on the pixel points. The results showed that the morphology and spatial distributions of hematite, magnetite and silicate varied among different pellets as well as among different positions within the same pellet. Thick plate and interconnected hematite was observed in the outer area of the pellets, whereas the inner area of the pellets mainly contained small granular and independent hematite. The hematite grains in pellet 1 were small, whereas those in pellet 2 were relatively dense. Some of the magnetite in pellet 1 was in the form of dense blocks, whereas fewer blocks were found in pellet 2, where magnetite occurred mainly in chain form scattered within the large particles of hematite. The silicate in pellet 2 was dense, granular and smaller than that in pellet 1. The quantitative analysis results for the two kinds of pellets showed that pellet 2 contained more hematite. Moreover, pellet 2 contained less unoxidized magnetite than pellet 1. These results indicate that the main bonding phase in pellet 1 was magnetite, whereas the main binding phase in pellet 2 was hematite. The greater compressive strength of pellet 2 was strongly related to higher amount of hematite interconnections.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Analysis of Busulfan-Induced Spermatogenesis Disorder in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nakata ◽  
Taito Nakano ◽  
Shoichi Iseki ◽  
Atsushi Mizokami
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Normal Spermatogenesis ◽  
Single Testis

We examined if the distribution of impaired or normal spermatogenesis differs along the length of seminiferous tubules in disorders of spermatogenesis. For this purpose, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of seminiferous tubules was performed in mice with experimental spermatogenesis disorder induced by intraperitoneal injection of busulfan, and the areas of impaired and normal spermatogenesis were analyzed microscopically. The volume of the testis and length of seminiferous tubules decreased, and the proportion of tubule areas with impaired spermatogenesis increased depending on the dose of busulfan. With the highest dose of busulfan, although the proportion of impaired spermatogenesis was similar among individual seminiferous tubules, it was slightly but significantly higher in shorter tubules and in tubule areas near branching points. The tubule areas with impaired and normal spermatogenesis consisted of many segments of varying lengths. With increasing doses of busulfan, the markedly impaired segments increased in length without changing in number, whereas normal segments, although reduced in number and length, remained even with the highest dose of busulfan. Individual remaining normal segments consisted of several different stages, among which stage I and XII were found at higher frequencies, and stage VI at a lower frequency than expected in normal seminiferous tubules. We also examined if the distribution of impaired or normal spermatogenesis differs among different 3D positions in the testis without considering the course of seminiferous tubules. Although the proportions of impaired spermatogenesis with the minimum dose of busulfan and normal spermatogenesis with the highest dose of busulfan greatly varied by location within a single testis, there were no 3D positions with these specific proportions common to different testes, suggesting that the factors influencing the severity of busulfan-induced spermatogenesis disorder are not fixed in location among individual mice.

scholarly journals Shear thickening of a non-colloidal suspension with a viscoelastic matrix

2019 ◽  
Vol 880 ◽  
pp. 1070-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Vázquez-Quesada ◽  
Pep Español ◽  
Roger I. Tanner ◽  
Marco Ellero
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Colloidal Suspension ◽  
Solid Volume Fraction ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Dissipation Function ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Viscoelastic Matrix

We study the rheology of a non-colloidal suspension of rigid spherical particles interacting with a viscoelastic matrix. Three-dimensional numerical simulations under shear flow are performed using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and compared with experimental data available in the literature using different constant-viscosity elastic Boger fluids. The rheological properties of the Boger matrices are matched in simulation under viscometric flow conditions. Suspension rheology under dilute to semi-concentrated conditions (i.e. up to solid volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.3$) is explored. It is found that at small Deborah numbers $De$ (based on the macroscopic imposed shear rate), relative suspension viscosities $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{r}$ exhibit a plateau at every concentration investigated. By increasing $De$, shear thickening is observed, which is related to the extensional thickening of the underlying viscoelastic matrix. Under dilute conditions ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.05$), numerical results for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{r}$ agree quantitatively with experimental data in both the $De$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$ dependences. Even under dilute conditions, simulations of full many-particle systems with no a priori specification of their spatial distribution need to be considered to recover precisely experimental values. By increasing the solid volume fraction towards $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0.3$, despite the fact that the trend is well captured, the agreement remains qualitative with discrepancies arising in the absolute values of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{r}$ obtained from simulations and experiments but also with large deviations existing among different experiments. With regard to the specific mechanism of elastic thickening, the microstructural analysis shows that elastic thickening correlates well with the average viscoelastic dissipation function $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{elast}$, requiring a scaling as $\langle \unicode[STIX]{x1D703}^{elast}\rangle \sim De^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\geqslant 2$ to take place. Locally, despite the fact that regions of large polymer stretching (and viscoelastic dissipation) can occur everywhere in the domain, flow regions uniquely responsible for the elastic thickening are well correlated to areas with significant extensional component.

Three-dimensional visualization of stranded source migration following prostate brachytherapy.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 79-79
Author(s):  
S. E. Daniel ◽  
A. Aref ◽  
C. Rabbani ◽  
R. Taylor ◽  
T. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Suture Material ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prostate Brachytherapy ◽  
Strand Displacement ◽  
Significant Movement ◽  
Vicryl Suture ◽  
Radioactive Seeds

79 Background: The use of radioactive seeds embedded in absorbable vicryl suture material has emerged as one preferred method for prostate cancer brachytherapy. However, it is unclear how strand displacement affects post-implant dosimetry. Our objective was to use CT imaging and 3D reconstruction to determine strand displacement between day zero and day 30 and to assess the dosimetric consequences of strand displacement. Methods: Between March 2006 and December 2009 there were 86 prostate brachytherapy patients with day zero and day 30 post-plan imaging. There was a mean of 18.24 strands per implant, 9.81 loose seeds per implant, and 69.08 total seeds per implant. Substantial strand displacement was identified by inspection. Migrated strands were identified on day zero and day 30 scans and the distance of displacement was measured using 3D fusion software. Results: Of 1550 strands placed, 23 were found to show substantial migration revealed by 3D imaging. These displacements occurred in 21 of the 86 cases. The estimated distance of strand displacement ranged from 0.5 cm to 2.5 cm with an average movement of 1.5 cm. The exact distance of strand displacement ranged from 0.31 m to 3.44 cm, with mean movement of 2.75 cm. Conclusions: 3D imaging reveals unexpected spatial instability in stranded brachytherapy sources. Significant movement may be expected to occur in approximately 1.48% of stranded sources and 24.42% of cases. Factors which predict for the migration of sources remain relatively undefined. Minimal dosimetric effects from strand displacement appear to be offset by resolution of prostate edema. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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