Deep Sea Observatories

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Enabling Technologies ◽  
And Control

A survey of some deep-sea observatories that have either been deployed or have been developed is provided. The enabling technologies that facilitate the powering, comrrtartd and control and the transmission of data back to shore is discussed. To facilitate this discussion, examples of a number of observatories are categorized as “Wired to Shore”, “Wired to Surface” or “Wireless”. Among those observatories discussed are Japan’s Hatsushimu Real Time Long-term Deep Sea Floor Observatory, the Hawaii Undersea Geo-Observatory (HUGO), the Hawaii 2 Observatory (H2O), Ocean Net, the Geophysical and Oceanographic Station for Abyssal Research (GEOSTAR) and the NEPTUNE Project. Some relative advantages of each approach are discussed as regards cost, technical and logistical considerations.

scholarly journals A new approach to geophysical real-time measurements on a deep-sea floor using decommissioned submarine cables

1998 ◽  
Vol 50 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 913-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzo Kasahara ◽  
Toshinori Sato ◽  
Hiroyasu Momma ◽  
Yuichi Shirasaki
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Submarine Cables

scholarly journals The physiological response of the deep-sea coralSolenosmilia variabilisto ocean acidification

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malindi J. Gammon ◽  
Dianne M. Tracey ◽  
Peter M. Marriott ◽  
Vonda J. Cummings ◽  
Simon K. Davy
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Seamount Chain ◽  
Colour Saturation ◽  
And Control

Several forms of calcifying scleractinian corals provide important habitat complexity in the deep-sea and are consistently associated with a high biodiversity of fish and other invertebrates. How these corals may respond to the future predicted environmental conditions of ocean acidification is poorly understood, but any detrimental effects on these marine calcifiers will have wider impacts on the ecosystem. Colonies ofSolenosmilia variabilis, a protected deep-sea coral commonly occurring throughout the New Zealand region, were collected during a cruise in March 2014 from the Louisville Seamount Chain. Over a 12-month period, samples were maintained in temperature controlled (∼3.5 °C) continuous flow-through tanks at a seawater pH that reflects the region’s current conditions (7.88) and an end-of-century scenario (7.65). Impacts on coral growth and the intensity of colour saturation (as a proxy for the coenenchyme tissue that covers the coral exoskeleton and links the coral polyps) were measured bimonthly. In addition, respiration rate was measured after a mid-term (six months) and long-term (12 months) exposure period. Growth rates were highly variable, ranging from 0.53 to 3.068 mm year−1and showed no detectable difference between the treatment and control colonies. Respiration rates also varied independently of pH and ranged from 0.065 to 1.756 µmol O2g protein−1h−1. A significant change in colour was observed in the treatment group over time, indicating a loss of coenenchyme. This loss was greatest after 10 months at 5.28% and could indicate a reallocation of energy with physiological processes (e.g.  growth and respiration) being maintained at the expense of coenenchyme production. This research illustrates important first steps to assessing and understanding the sensitivity of deep-sea corals to ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Habitat of the deep-sea anemone, Cribrinopsis japonica, with shrimp: Does Cribrinopsis japonica establish a symbiotic relationship with shrimp?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Shimada ◽  
Yusuke Tsuruwaka
Keyword(s):  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Toyama Bay

We recently found Cribrinopsis japonica Tsutsui & Tsuruwaka, 2014 (Shinkai-hakutou-ginchaku in Japanese name) at the depth between 384 and 800 m in Toyama Bay, Sea of Japan. Since then, C. japonica has been reared under atmospheric pressure in the laboratory for seven years. C. japonica may use a fluorescent protein carried in its tentacles to lure shrimp (Tsutsui et al., 2016*1). However, the ecology of C. japonica in the deep-sea is hardly known. To elucidate the unknown ecology, we coupled one of the first long-term in situ studies of deep-sea organisms with complementary laboratory experiments. Our exploration of deep-sea benthos revealed that C. japonica inhabits the deepest areas of the sea floor at 1,960 m. Moreover, 80% of C. japonica in the deep-sea stayed together with the deep-sea shrimp. In the laboratory environment, when we added the same shrimp species which was observed in situ to the rearing tank with C. japonica, C. japonica stayed closer with the shrimp without attacking using the tentacles. It is rare to observe different animals together at one place or space since there are very few animals in the ocean floor at > 1,000 m depth in the Sea of Japan (Motokawa & Kajihara, 2017*2). In such depopulated environment, it is conceivable that C. japonica and the shrimp may receive benefit mutually or one side by establishing a ‘symbiotic relationship.’ We will elucidate their relationship in more details by studying the possible ‘symbiosis’ in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Habitat of the deep-sea anemone, Cribrinopsis japonica, with shrimp: Does Cribrinopsis japonica establish a symbiotic relationship with shrimp?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Shimada ◽  
Yusuke Tsuruwaka
Keyword(s):  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Toyama Bay

We recently found Cribrinopsis japonica Tsutsui & Tsuruwaka, 2014 (Shinkai-hakutou-ginchaku in Japanese name) at the depth between 384 and 800 m in Toyama Bay, Sea of Japan. Since then, C. japonica has been reared under atmospheric pressure in the laboratory for seven years. C. japonica may use a fluorescent protein carried in its tentacles to lure shrimp (Tsutsui et al., 2016*1). However, the ecology of C. japonica in the deep-sea is hardly known. To elucidate the unknown ecology, we coupled one of the first long-term in situ studies of deep-sea organisms with complementary laboratory experiments. Our exploration of deep-sea benthos revealed that C. japonica inhabits the deepest areas of the sea floor at 1,960 m. Moreover, 80% of C. japonica in the deep-sea stayed together with the deep-sea shrimp. In the laboratory environment, when we added the same shrimp species which was observed in situ to the rearing tank with C. japonica, C. japonica stayed closer with the shrimp without attacking using the tentacles. It is rare to observe different animals together at one place or space since there are very few animals in the ocean floor at > 1,000 m depth in the Sea of Japan (Motokawa & Kajihara, 2017*2). In such depopulated environment, it is conceivable that C. japonica and the shrimp may receive benefit mutually or one side by establishing a ‘symbiotic relationship.’ We will elucidate their relationship in more details by studying the possible ‘symbiosis’ in the laboratory.

ASTRA: An Automatic Spading Tool for the Remote Application at Abyssal Depths

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gu¨nther F. Clauss ◽  
Hans W. Gerber ◽  
Carsten Hippe
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Ocean Bottom Seismometer ◽  
Marine Research

The future approach of the European marine research programme focuses on the establishment of multi-disciplinary networks including existing systems, and the development of new technologies for efficient installation and near real time communication. Within this framework the European Community funds the networks ORION (Ocean Research by Integrated Observation Networks - GEOSTAR 3) and ESONET 2 (European Seafloor Observatory NETwork) with several European partner institutions involved in marine research. Key technologies for deep-sea research have been developed in the frame of the GEOSTAR project (GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research - Deep-Sea Mission). The concept comprises: • the deep-sea benthic observatory for geophysical and oceanographic purposes with its unique Data Acquisition and Control System (DACS), • the innovative underwater communication system as near real time interface, and • the deployment and recovery vehicle MODUS (MObile Docker for Underwater Sciences) for precise operations with heavy payloads. The know-how and existing equipment establishes a good basis for extensions and further developments to be used for network projects. ASTRA — an Automated Spading Tool for Remote Applications at abyssal depths — is one of these new concepts. This tool — integrated into the GEOSTAR-Bottom Station (BS) (also called node) and deployed by MODUS — will bury an Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) into the sub-sea soil. The OBS will be laterally displaced to the node and connected by an umbilical. At the end of a long-term mission the node will be recovered by MODUS and the OBS is pulled out of the ground hanging underneath the node. Both components, node and OBS, will be recovered by the surface research vessel. Equipment and procedures developed within the GEOSTAR project have been focused on providing a long-term stationing on the ocean floor to perform scientific measurements. The ASTRA concept takes a next step and aims for the interaction with its environment. Based on the proven and reliable combination of the deep sea shuttle MODUS for heavy load transportation and the payload Bottom Station as the carrier of equipment the new module ASTRA will extend the spectrum of scientific operating possibilities in the deep sea adding engineering services. An iterative process with an integrated design application of a 3D-CAD-system, FEM structural analysis and Multibody Simulation (MBS) characterizes the development phase of ASTRA. Using virtual mock-up critical aspects of handling and operation can be identified, and in consequence more easily avoided. Simulation results are validated by experimental investigations. Operations with the ASTRA prototype and the complete network-system will be performed in the Tyrrhenian Sea in late summer 2003.

Microstructural investigation of surface roughness in MBE-grown AlAs

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
R. Rajesh ◽  
R. Droopad ◽  
C. H. Kuo ◽  
R. W. Carpenter ◽  
G. N. Maracas
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Native Oxide ◽  
Effusion Cell ◽  
Surface Oxide Layer ◽  
Microstructural Investigation ◽  
Mbe Growth ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
And Control

Knowledge of material pseudodielectric functions at MBE growth temperatures is essential for achieving in-situ, real time growth control. This allows us to accurately monitor and control thicknesses of the layers during growth. Undesired effusion cell temperature fluctuations during growth can thus be compensated for in real-time by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The accuracy in determining pseudodielectric functions is increased if one does not require applying a structure model to correct for the presence of an unknown surface layer such as a native oxide. Performing these measurements in an MBE reactor on as-grown material gives us this advantage. Thus, a simple three phase model (vacuum/thin film/substrate) can be used to obtain thin film data without uncertainties arising from a surface oxide layer of unknown composition and temperature dependence.In this study, we obtain the pseudodielectric functions of MBE-grown AlAs from growth temperature (650°C) to room temperature (30°C). The profile of the wavelength-dependent function from the ellipsometry data indicated a rough surface after growth of 0.5 μm of AlAs at a substrate temperature of 600°C, which is typical for MBE-growth of GaAs.

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

Adaptive Signal Analysis and Interpretation for Real-time Intelligent Patient Monitoring

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Manders ◽  
D. P. Lindstrom ◽  
B. M. Dawant
Keyword(s):  
Computer Architecture ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Data Abstraction ◽  
Monitoring Strategy ◽  
Intelligent Monitoring ◽  
Patient Status ◽  
On Line ◽  
Main Components ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adaptive Signal

Abstract:On-line intelligent monitoring, diagnosis, and control of dynamic systems such as patients in intensive care units necessitates the context-dependent acquisition, processing, analysis, and interpretation of large amounts of possibly noisy and incomplete data. The dynamic nature of the process also requires a continuous evaluation and adaptation of the monitoring strategy to respond to changes both in the monitored patient and in the monitoring equipment. Moreover, real-time constraints may imply data losses, the importance of which has to be minimized. This paper presents a computer architecture designed to accomplish these tasks. Its main components are a model and a data abstraction module. The model provides the system with a monitoring context related to the patient status. The data abstraction module relies on that information to adapt the monitoring strategy and provide the model with the necessary information. This paper focuses on the data abstraction module and its interaction with the model.

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