EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN-SPOT POPULATIONS OF ATTACKING ADULT DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Pulley ◽  
John L. Foltz ◽  
Robert N. Coulson ◽  
William C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Single Level ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
True Number ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractPopulation data collected from 132 trees during a 3-year period were used to simulate spots of K trees (1≤ k ≤ 50) infested by the attacking adult stage of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. The total number of beetles on the K trees was then estimated by sampling k trees (1≤ k ≤ 10). The k trees were chosen at random and by selecting those of largest diameter and largest infested area. Within-tree populations were estimated at two levels of precision and within-spot populations were then estimated by scaling the sum of the k within-tree estimates according to the proportion of the tree numbers, tree diameters, or infested phloem areas included in the sample. The various combinations of tree selection, within-tree precision, and scaling produced 10 procedures which were evaluated for bias, precision, and cost as estimators of within-spot populations. Bias was calculated as the mean of the proportional errors in estimating the true numbers, and the standard deviation of the proportional errors was used as a measure of precision.The procedures in which trees were randomly selected provided unbiased estimates of the within-spot populations. Selecting the largest trees tended to overestimate the true number with the bias diminishing to zero as k → K. However, separate analyses of trees sampled on the same date within actual spots showed no reason to reject the hypothesis of no difference in beetle density (insects/diameter and insects/area) between the largest and smallest trees.When k = K = 1, the precision of all within-spot estimators was equivalent to the precision of the within-tree estimate. For larger k = K, the precision improved approximately as √(K). No attempt was made to derive functional relationships of precision for k < K. For each procedure, precision improved as k → K. Sampling the k trees at two sample heights (3.5 and 6.5 m, 4–100 cm2 disks/height) was more precise than single level sampling (4 disks at 5 m), but equally precise estimates could be obtained by single level sampling of just one or two additional trees in the spot. Random selection of the k trees with scaling by the number of infested trees was the least precise of the estimating procedures; scaling by diameter and by infested surface area increased the precision. Best precision was obtained by selecting the k trees of greatest infested phloem area, but selecting the largest diameter trees was nearly as precise. The least costly procedure for obtaining a desired level of precision consists of selecting the k trees of largest diameter and extracting 4 disks/tree at 5 m.

SPECIAL ARTICLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-564
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Probable Error ◽  
Oral Examination ◽  
Frequency Curve ◽  
Written Examination ◽  
Lower Figure ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

THE WRITTEN examination of January 15, 1954, was taken by 515 candidates, a larger number than in any previous year except 1953 when there were 607 candidates Grades ranged from a lowest mark of 32.0 to a highest mark of 89.5 Inspection of the range resulted in the decision to place the passing mark at 51. On this basis there were 32, or 6.2%, who failed and were therefore ineligible for oral examination. The distribution of the grades earned by the 515 candidates is presented in the form of a histogram. As an aid to visual assessment of the nature of the distribution, a normal frequency curve computed from the mean and standard deviation of the data has been superimposed on the diagram. The distribution of the grades is clearly and impressively skewed to the left, that is, the scores tend to be massed at the high end of the scale and spread out at the low end. An examination of this type is relatively sensitive in the zone of poorer scholarship where the selection of failures is to be made and relatively insensitive in the range of higher scholarship. The intrinsic reliability of the examination has again been assessed by comparing the grade made by each candidate on his odd-numbered questions with that earned on his even-numbered questions. The comparison reveals a "probable error of estimate," P.E.m, of 2.39, a lower figure and therefore a higher degree of reliability than yielded by any previous examination. The Committee is pleased that the increase in reliability was accomplished in spite of the fact that the length of the examination was decreased from 250 grading points in 1953 to 200 grading points.

scholarly journals On the Origin of the Standardization Sensitivity in RegEM Climate Field Reconstructions*

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 6710-6723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason E. Smerdon ◽  
Alexey Kaplan ◽  
Diana Chang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calibration Interval ◽  
Reconstruction Interval ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) method has been used in recent studies to derive climate field reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the last millennium. Original pseudoproxy experiments that tested RegEM [with ridge regression regularization (RegEM-Ridge)] standardized the input data in a way that improved the performance of the reconstruction method, but included data from the reconstruction interval for estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the climate field—information that is not available in real-world reconstruction problems. When standardizations are confined to the calibration interval only, pseudoproxy reconstructions performed with RegEM-Ridge suffer from warm biases and variance losses. Only cursory explanations of this so-called standardization sensitivity of RegEM-Ridge have been published, but they have suggested that the selection of the regularization (ridge) parameter by means of minimizing the generalized cross validation (GCV) function is the source of the effect. The origin of the standardization sensitivity is more thoroughly investigated herein and is shown not to be associated with the selection of the ridge parameter; sets of derived reconstructions reveal that GCV-selected ridge parameters are minimally different for reconstructions standardized either over both the reconstruction and calibration interval or over the calibration interval only. While GCV may select ridge parameters that are different from those that precisely minimize the error in pseudoproxy reconstructions, RegEM reconstructions performed with truly optimized ridge parameters are not significantly different from those that use GCV-selected ridge parameters. The true source of the standardization sensitivity is attributable to the inclusion or exclusion of additional information provided by the reconstruction interval, namely, the mean and standard deviation fields computed for the complete modeled dataset. These fields are significantly different from those for the calibration period alone because of the violation of a standard EM assumption that missing values are missing at random in typical paleoreconstruction problems; climate data are predominantly missing in the preinstrumental period when the mean climate was significantly colder than the mean of the instrumental period. The origin of the standardization sensitivity therefore is not associated specifically with RegEM-Ridge, and more recent attempts to regularize the EM algorithm using truncated total least squares could theoretically also be susceptible to the problems affecting RegEM-Ridge. Nevertheless, the principal failure of RegEM-Ridge arises because of a poor initial estimate of the mean field, and therefore leaves open the possibility that alternative methods may perform better.

scholarly journals Revisiting the functional response in habitat selection for large herbivores: a matter of spatial variation in resource distribution?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1725-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Duparc ◽  
Mathieu Garel ◽  
Pascal Marchand ◽  
Dominique Dubray ◽  
Daniel Maillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Resource Distribution ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Most habitats are distributed heterogeneously in space, forcing animals to move according to both habitat characteristics and their needs for energy and safety. Animal space use should therefore vary according to habitat characteristics, a process known as the “functional response” in habitat selection. This response has often been tested vis-à-vis the proportion of a habitat category within areas available to individuals. Measuring sought-after resources in landscape where they are continuously distributed is a challenge and we posit here that both the mean availability of a resource and its spatial variation should be measured. Accordingly, we tested for a functional response in habitat selection according to these two descriptors of the resource available for a mountain herbivore. We hypothesized that selection should decrease with mean value of resources available and increase with its spatial variation. Based on GPS data from 50 chamois females and data on the actual foodscape (i.e., distribution of edible-only biomass in the landscape), we estimated individual selection ratio (during summer months) for biomass at the home range level, comparing edible biomass in individual home ranges and the mean and standard deviation of edible biomass in their available range. Chamois being a group-living species, available accessible ranges were shared by several individuals that formed socio-spatial groups (clusters) in the population. As expected, selection ratios increased with the standard deviation of edible resources in each cluster, but unlike our prediction, was unrelated to its mean. Selection of areas richer in resources hence did not fade away when more resources were available on average, a result that may be explained by the need for this capital breeder species to accumulate fat-reserve at a high rate during summer months. Low spatial variation could limit the selection of chamois, which highlights the importance of resource distribution in the process of habitat selection.

The Differentiation of Coenurus species by Hook Measurements

1941 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Clapham ◽  
B. G. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Single Cyst ◽  
Mean Dimension ◽  
The Mean

Hook dimensions of Multiceps glomeratus show that the hooks are capable of reaching full adult size in the coenurus stage.The available material showed that M. serialis hooks were slightly larger than those of M. glomeratus in the adult stage; in the coenurus stage the differences were not significant.Statistically, the dimensions measuring the length of the blade of the hook are the most satisfactory.There are significantly large variances in most cystic hook dimensions from one cyst to another, and from one scolex to another within a single cyst, but not from one group of scolices to another. It follows that in biometric work it is important to sample several scolices from each cyst, and several cysts of any one species, but that groups can be disregarded.The variability of most hook measurements is in the region of 5%; i.e. the standard deviation is about 5% of the mean dimension.The danger of extensive generalisation from limited data should be guarded against. Thus, while the species variance was significantly larger than the cyst variance in the case of adult hooks in the material available, it is quite possible that this would no longer have been the case if material from other sources had been available.

Dressage scoring patterns at selected British Eventing novice events

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
TC Whitaker ◽  
J Hill
Keyword(s):  
Data Structure ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Correct Evaluation ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subjective Bias ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractSubjective bias by judges within the dressage phase of eventing competition is problematic if correct evaluation of horse and rider performance is to be undertaken. The present study examines dressage penalty scoring (penalty scores are awarded for completion of a pre-set series of dressage movements) within a population of novice event horses (n = 2471). Between May and June 2003, 22 novice events within the UK were analysed, and at each event up to six competitions or sections (at the same competitive level) were run. The whole population data structure was normal in distribution, Pearson's skewness 0.314 (Kolmogorov–Smirnov Z = 1.855, P>0.05 from zero) and kurtosis at 0.425. The mean score recorded for the whole population was 37.82 penalty points (standard deviation = 5.65 and standard error = 0.11). A number of effects were observed within the population. Between-events effects were observed in three of the 22 events studied (P<0.01). Of those events running three or more sections (n = 16), within-event effects were observed for 10 events as differences (P<0.01) in mean scoring patterns between sections. All events running two sections (n = 4) were observed to exhibit differences (P<0.02) in mean scores. Differences (P>0.01) between the dressage test used at events were determined using post hoc Bonferroni tests. However, these differences were not found to have a confounding effect on the between-event observations. The study indicates that additional methodologies need to be implemented to ensure that accurate and impartial evaluation of event horses is conducted.

scholarly journals Correlation between Personality Types and Color Shade Preference

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Ghorawat ◽  
Ravina Madan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Personality Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Colour Preference ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

The main aim of this study was to find out whether the color shade preferences of individuals, grouped according to their personality types are alike or not. The researchers also tried to study the difference in color shade preferences based on gender differences. The objective was to understand whether the color shade preferences of individuals are affected by their individual personality types or not and whether gender plays any role in selection of color shades of individuals. The study sample consisted of a total of 80 subjects, randomly selected from within the age group of 18-25. An attempt was made to maintain a balance between two genders and across the ages. The research instruments used were Eysenck’s Personality Test (to measure the personality types) and a separate Colour Bar- Colour Preference Test was designed to serve the purpose of this study. The subjects were made to fill both the questionnaires and then the items were scored and results were analyzed. Positive scoring was done for Eysenck’s personality questionnaire and negative scoring was used to score the Colour Bar-Colour Preference Test. The data collected was divided into: Introverts (female, male) and Extroverts (female, male). From the data collected the mean, standard deviation and correlation between extraversion scores and the most preferred colour scores, for all the four groups. The mean, standard deviation, and correlation for the four groups was found to be 436.4 (IF), 529.2 (IM), 504 (EF), 453.4 (EM); 5.47 (IF), 6.52 (IM), 5.48 (EF), 6.93(EM); -0.3 (IF), -0.1 (IM), 0.1 (EF) and 0.5 (EM) respectively. From this the conclusion was drawn that there was no significant correlation found between the personality types and colour shade preferences of the subjects except in the case of extroverted males. Recommendations: Increase the sample size as that proved to be a limitation to this study. A study across ages is also possible and might give different results.

scholarly journals Biases in galaxy cluster velocity dispersion and mass estimates in the small Ngal regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. A41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ferragamo ◽  
J. A. Rubiño-Martín ◽  
J. Betancort-Rijo ◽  
E. Munari ◽  
B. Sartoris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Galaxy Cluster ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Massive Galaxies ◽  
Unbiased Estimators ◽  
Dispersion Estimate ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

Aims. We present a study of the statistical properties of three velocity dispersion and mass estimators: biweight, gapper, and standard deviation for a small number of galaxies (Ngal ≤ 75). Methods. Using a set of 73 numerically simulated galaxy clusters, we first characterised the statistical bias and the variance for each one of the three estimators (biweight, gapper, and standard deviation) in the determination of the velocity dispersion and the dynamical mass of the clusters through the σ–M relation. These results were used to define a new set of unbiased estimators that are able to correct for these statistical biases with a minimum increase in associated variance. We also used the same set of numerical simulations to characterise two other physical biases that affect the estimates: the effect of velocity segregation on the selection of cluster members, and the effect of using cluster members within different physical radii from the cluster centre. Results. The standard deviation (and its unbiased counterpart) is the estimator with the lowest variance estimator after the biweight and gapper. The effect of velocity segregation in the selection of galaxies within the sub-sample of the most massive galaxies in the cluster introduces a bias of 2% in the velocity dispersion estimate when it is calculated using a quarter of the most massive cluster members. We also find a dependence of the velocity dispersion estimate on the aperture radius as a fraction of R200. This is consistent with previous results in the literature. Conclusions. The proposed set of unbiased estimators effectively provides a correction of the velocity dispersion and mass estimates from the statistical and physical effects discussed above for small numbers of cluster members. When these new estimators are applied to a subset of simulated observations, they can retrieve bias-corrected values for the mean velocity dispersion and the mean mass; the standard deviation has the lowest variance. Although for a single galaxy cluster the statistical and physical effects discussed here are comparable to or slightly smaller than the bias introduced by interlopers, they are relevant when ensemble properties and scaling relations for large number of clusters are studied.

scholarly journals Estimation of genetic parameters in the analysis of square lattice experiment group

Bragantia ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
JOSÉ MARCELO SORIANO VIANA ◽  
ADAIR JOSÉ REGAZZI
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Covariance Components ◽  
Variance And Covariance Components ◽  
Selection Of

Aiming to demonstrate how to obtain unbiased estimates of genetic parameters of base populations, unaffected by genotype x environment effects, this paper presents the variance and covariance components of the intra-block analysis of a group of square lattice experiments and the estimators of the components associated to treatment effect. Random model and mixed models with environment effect fixed and other effects random are considered. In the analysis with treatments not corrected for blocks/replications/environments, the estimators of the variance and covariance components due to treatment effect are different from those of the analysis considering the complete block model. Data from two experiments of a breeding program of Eucalyptus pyrocarpa were used for genetic analysis. The analysis of variance of height and diameter indicated absence of interaction between progeny and environment. Due to this result, the prediction of the direct and indirect genetic gains was based on the mean of the two environments. The high estimates of narrow sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlation indicate that selection of the superior families will be effective in changing the means of the base population for both traits.

367. Bacterial growth in reconstituted spray-dried milk

1948 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Higginbottom
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Spore Count ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Standard Deviation Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
Spray Dried ◽  
Selection Of

1. Over 200 samples of spray-dried milks from eight British plants have been examined for total and spore counts, numbers of β-haemolytic colonies and for moulds, yeasts and conliform bacteria.2. The mean count and standard deviation range for total and spore count are reported. No β-haemolytic colonies other than those due to spore-forming bacilli were detected.3. After ageing the reconstituted milk for 24 hr. at 15–5° C. the mean count (37° C.) was unchanged; at 22° C. the increase was 2000-fold and at 37° C. the milk had clotted within this time.4. The predominating organisms in a random selection of the reconstituted milks are described, both for the fresh milk and after ageing at 15·5 and 22° C. A marked increase i n spore-forming bacilli was noted at 22° C.5. The relation of the flora of reconstituted milk to its food-poisoning potentialities is briefly discussed.

Hand anthropometry survey in Iranian adults and comparisons with other populations

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hajaghazadeh ◽  
Mohsen Taghizadeh ◽  
Hamidreza Khalkhali ◽  
Iraj Mohebbi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Hand Tools ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Digital Caliper ◽  
Selection Of

BACKGROUND: Hand anthropometry is useful for designing manual systems such as hand tools, controls, and gloves. There are limited published data on the hand dimensions of Iranian male and female adults. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to measure the hand anthropometric dimensions in Iranian adults to compare data between two genders and also with the corresponding data from other nationalities. METHODS: A total of 34 dimensions of the right hand were measured in 217 male and 128 female adults using a digital caliper and tape. The mean, standard deviation, and the main percentiles are summarized in a table and the mean of each dimension is compared by independent t-tests between genders. Hand dimensions are compared between Iranian and other nationalities such as North Colombian, Korean, Turkish, Nigerian, Bangladeshi, Jordanian, and Vietnamese using the published data. RESULTS: Females had significantly smaller hand dimensions than males in all dimensions ranged from 4.21%to 18.16%, with the largest differences in hand breadths. Compared with other nationalities, the Iranian male and female adults had wider (greater breadth and circumferences) hands with shorter fingers. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed significant differences of hand anthropometry between Iranian and other nationalities which should be included in the design and selection of hand tools for Iranian population.

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