NUTRIENT CONSTITUENTS OF A GRAIN APHID, METOPOLOPHIUM DIRHODUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AND ITS HOST, OATS

AbstractMetopolophium dirhodum (Walker), a grain aphid, contained 25.58% dry matter, of which 31.65% was fat, 2.58% sugar, and 39.44% protein. Foliage of the host for M. dirhodum, oats (Avena sativa L.), contained one-third the amount of dry matter, less than one-third as much fat, slightly less sugar, and about three-fifths the amount of protein as M. dirhodum. Phosphorus content was the same in M. dirhodum and its host, whereas oat foliage contained five times as much potassium, and twice as much calcium and magnesium as M. dirhodum. The limiting amino acid in both grain aphid and oat foliage was methionine. Protein scores, which are estimates of protein quality, were slightly lower for oat foliage than for M. dirhodum but both are valuable sources of food for predatory insects and other animals.

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Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lauren M Reilly ◽

Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽

Jolene M Hoke ◽

Gary M Davenport ◽

Pamela L Utterback ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Macronutrient Composition ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Indispensable Amino Acid ◽

Limiting Amino Acid

Abstract The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P < 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P < 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P < 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.

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Phosphorus requirement and partitioning in oat cultivars

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170313 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jonas Manica ◽

Pedro Alexandre Varella Escosteguy

Keyword(s):

Avena Sativa ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Physiological Maturity ◽

P Content ◽

Phosphorus Requirement ◽

Oat Cultivars ◽

Dry Matter Weight

ABSTRACT: Maintenance fertilization changes with nutrient requirements and partitioning, but these are not well known for oat cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether phosphorus (P) requirements and partitioning vary among cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.). The UPFA ‘Ouro’, UPFPS ‘Farroupilha’, IPR ‘Afrodite’, URS ‘FAPA Slava’, ‘Barbarasul’, ‘FAEM 007’, URS ‘Taura’, and ‘URS 21’ were cultivated in a Latosol with high P content in a greenhouse in 2015. Plants were sampled at physiological maturity and divided into roots, stem, leaves, and grain tissues. Phosphorus content and the dry matter weight of these parts were evaluated and the uptake amount and partitioning of P were estimated. The values of these variables differed across cultivars, except the P content in the grain (‘average’, 4.0g P kg-1). ‘Afrodite’ and ‘FAPA Slava’ have lower requirements and partitioning of P in the grain, but these did not vary among the other cultivars. Requirements and partitioning of P in stem and leaves increased in the following order: ‘Ouro’ and ‘Farroupilha’<‘Taura’ and ‘FAPA Slava’<‘URS 21’<‘Afrodite’, ‘Barbarasul’ and ‘FAEM 007’. Requirement and partitioning of P in roots, stem, leaves, and grain differs across cultivars, which indicates that this factor, besides how the oat is used (such as for grain, pasture, silage, cover crop), can be used to improve maintenance fertilization.

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Protein content and amino acids profile in 10 cultivars of ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba L.) nut from China

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.181571 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 181571 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mengyi Zhou ◽

Tongtong Hua ◽

Xiaofang Ma ◽

Haijun Sun ◽

Li Xu

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Food Industry ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Scientific Development ◽

Traditional Food ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acids Profile

As a traditional food and medicine source, ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba L.) nut is popularly consumed in East Asia. The aim of this work is to characterize protein content and amino acids profile in 10 ginkgo nut cultivars, named successively as no. 1 to no. 10. There were observed differences among the cultivars with respect to the contents of protein and amino acids, except Cys. The no. 6 cultivar presented the highest protein content (22.1 g/100 g DW), while the no. 9 had the lowest (16.2 g/100 g DW). The contents of EAA and NEAA were revealed to vary in the range of 14.3–26.2 and 21.4–41.1 g/100 g protein, respectively. The most abundant EAA was Leu, and the first limiting amino acid was Lys. The level of Arg was attractive, especially in the no. 5 cultivar (1741 mg/100 g DW) where it is comparable to hazelnut and pistachio. As confirmed by AAS and EAAI, the no. 5 cultivar presented the best amino acids profile and protein quality among these cultivars. These results have relevance to the scientific development and application of ginkgo nuts in the food industry.

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INFLUENCE OF DRYING METHODS ON PROTEIN CONTENT AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THREE FORAGE LEGUMES

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps79-110 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 707-712 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. S. KALDY ◽

M. R. HANNA ◽

S. SMOLIAK

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Protein Content ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Microwave Drying ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Forced Draft

Forage samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Beaver’), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. ’Melrose’), and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L. ’Oxley’) were dried either in a forced-draft forage dryer, drying oven, or a microwave oven. The dry matter content, protein content, and amino acid composition were determined but the air-drying methods resulted in significant losses of dry matter compared with microwave drying, suggesting that the latter method is preferable for dry-matter determinations. Interactions between species and drying method were significant for some of the amino acid contents, but not for the limiting amino acids — methionine, isoleucine, and valine. Since protein scores, reflecting protein quality, and protein content of the three legumes were not affected by drying methods, any one of the drying methods would be satisfactory. However, large numbers of forage samples can be handled most conveniently in a forced-draft dryer.

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EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: III. A STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/o59-149 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 37 (11) ◽

pp. 1351-1360 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. G. Rogers ◽

J. M. McLaughlan ◽

D. G. Chapman

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Rat Growth ◽

Amino Acid Requirements ◽

Growth Assay ◽

Assay Methods ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Egg Powder

Bacteriological methods for the determination of protein quality were evaluated by comparison with protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values determined by a standardized rat growth assay. Enzyme or acid hydrolyzates of foods were used as the source of amino acids with hydrolyzed whole egg powder as the reference standard. With Streptococcus faecalis A.T.C.C. 9790 autolysis occurred in media containing hydrolyzates of proteins deficient in lysine, and was largely responsible for results which did not agree with P.E.R. values. In methods employing Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60 A.T.C.C. 8042, growth was influenced only by the most limiting amino acid relative to the requirements of the test organism.Results with enzyme hydrolyzates correlated poorly with P.E.R. values, whereas, with acid hydrolyzates, a good correlation was obtained for cereal proteins. A difference in amino acid requirements was largely responsible for the lack of agreement between the P.E.R. assay and methods employing L. mesenteroides, particularly for legumes and foods of animal origin. It was concluded that bacteriological assay methods which have been proposed for protein evaluation are unsatisfactory as screening procedures for the evaluation of protein in foods.

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110 Evaluation of Macronutrient Composition and Amino Acid Digestibility of Select Novel Dietary Proteins for Use in Canine and Feline Nutrition

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 57-57

Author(s):

Victoria A Gomez ◽

Pam L Utterback ◽

Carl M Parsons ◽

Maria R de Godoy ◽

Haley Russell

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Quality ◽

National Research Council ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Balanced Diet ◽

Amino Acid Score ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Limiting Amino Acids

Abstract Demand for the inclusion of high-quality protein in companion animal diets has increased as owners have become more invested in the health of their pets. There is very little information on the nutrient content of novel proteins needed for a properly balanced diet, so as a result the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, standardized amino acid digestibility using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of raw chicken, spirulina, cricket meal, and fish (carp) slurry. Raw chicken has the lowest crude protein concentration (45.6%) on dry matter (DM) basis, whereas fish slurry had the highest (75.3%). All amino acids were moderately to highly digestible (70.2% to 98.8%, dry matter basis) with differences (P < 0.05) in all but arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, cysteine, serine, and tyrosine. The limiting amino acid based on DIAAS-like values for adult dogs compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommended values were tryptophan for raw chicken and methionine for cricket meal. Comparing DIAAS-like values for adult dogs to National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances, the limiting amino acids were the same where raw chicken and fish slurry still had tryptophan and spirulina and cricket meal had methionine as the first limiting amino acids. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats compared to AAFCO and NRC values were all above 100% with the lowest being threonine for chicken (123.65%) compared to AAFCO nutrient profile for adult cats and histidine for spirulina (123.13%) compared to NRC for cats at maintenance. Based on the data gathered in this study, the novel dietary protein sources evaluated are of similar or superior protein quality compared with raw chicken; a traditional protein source widely used in pet foods.

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The effect of provision of the first-limiting amino acid, gastrointestinal microbial activity and the level of nitrogen intake on protein utilization and energy digestibility in rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19850159 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 727-739 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. O. Eggum ◽

R. M. Beames ◽

K. E. Bach Knudsen

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Skim Milk ◽

Skim Milk Powder ◽

Protein Utilization ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Soya Bean Meal

1. The present work with growing rats was undertaken to study the effect of protein quality, gastrointestinal microbial activity and the level of nitrogen intake on protein utilization and energy digestibiiity. The experiment involved a total of thirty-six dietary treatments in a 9 x 4 factorial design, with five rats per treatment. The thirty-six diets resulted from nine protein sources. Each diet was composed of a basal N-free mixture plus minerals and vitamins, with N sources added at the expense of the N-free mixture to provide 15.0 gN/kg dry matter (DM) in the first three protein-addition treatments and 30.0 gN/kg DM in the fourth protein-addition treatment. The nine protein sources were soya-bean meal, casein, wheat gluten, skim-milk powder, meat-and-bone meal, wheat bran, barley, wheat and cooked brown beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The four formulations for each protein source incorporated the protein unsupplemented at 15.0 gN/kg DM, unsupplemented at 30.0 gN/kg DM, or supplemented at 15.0 gN/kg DM with the estimated first-limiting amino acid or the antibiotic Nebacitin.2. With all protein sources, the inclusion of the first-limiting amino acid had no effect on either protein or energy digestibility.3. The microbial activity in the digestive tract affected protein utilization and energy digestibility to a different degree depending primarily on the level and type of dietary fibre. True protein digestibility (TD) of skim-milk powder and brown beans, both rich in easily-fermentable energy, increased from 0.959 to 1.000 and from 0.680 to 0.777 respectively by the addition of Nebacitin. TD of the other protein sources was only marginally affected by the antibiotic treatment. Only with brown beans was the biological value (BV) markedly affected by Nebacitin with an increase from 0.482 to 0.557 by the treatment. Energy digestibility was significantly lower in rats given antibiotic with soya-bean meal, wheat bran, barley, wheat and brown beans.4. The effect of level of N intake on protein utilization was dependent on both protein quality and the fibre concentration of the diet. Protein sources with high BV were more affected than proteins of lower BV. It was concluded that TD is not always independent of dietary protein concentration.

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Use of precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and digestible indispensable amino acid scores to characterize plant- and yeast-concentrated proteins for inclusion in canine and feline diets1,2

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Lauren M Reilly ◽

Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽

Jolene M Hoke ◽

Gary M Davenport ◽

Pamela L Utterback ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Protein Concentrates ◽

Indispensable Amino Acid ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Novel Protein

Abstract Increased consumer interest in high-quality and novel protein sources has driven the demand for the inclusion of protein-rich ingredients in companion animal diets. Novel protein concentrates, with protein contents of at least 50%, have been used to satisfy these consumer demands. However, minimal information is available regarding the macronutrient composition and protein quality of these ingredients that is needed for proper formulation of pet foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient and amino acid compositions, standardized amino acid digestibility according to the precision-fed rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of pea protein (PP), potato protein (POP), faba bean protein (FBP), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and dried yeast (DY). Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). For all five protein concentrates, all essential amino acids were highly digestible (88.0% to 96.3%, dry matter basis) with differences (P < 0.05) in only lysine, methionine, and tryptophan digestibilities. The TMEn values were highest for POP (4.22 kcal/g) and DY (3.61 kcal/g). The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs indicated that methionine was the first-limiting amino acid in all protein concentrates except POP, where the first-limiting amino acid was tryptophan. Using Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)-recommended values for adult cats, DIAAS-like values for methionine were lowest (P < 0.05) for FBP at 81.5%, with all other amino acids for all protein concentrates over 100%. The National Research Council (NRC)-recommended allowances for adult cats indicated that DIAAS-like methionine values for PP (92.7%) and FBP (73.8%) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) with these being the first-limiting amino acids, with the remaining amino acids above 100% for the other protein concentrates. The protein quality and high essential amino acid digestibility of these protein concentrates indicate that they would be viable protein sources in canine and feline diets. However, additional complementary protein sources should be included to meet the requirements of all essential amino acids.

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EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: III. A STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/y59-149 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 1351-1360 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. G. Rogers ◽

J. M. McLaughlan ◽

D. G. Chapman

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Rat Growth ◽

Amino Acid Requirements ◽

Growth Assay ◽

Assay Methods ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Egg Powder

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Use of the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay to determine standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content, and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of plant-based protein by-products used in canine and feline diets

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab025 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lauren M Reilly ◽

Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽

Jolene M Hoke ◽

Gary M Davenport ◽

Pamela L Utterback ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Energy Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Pet Food ◽

Indispensable Amino Acid ◽

Indispensable Amino Acids ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

By Products

Abstract Traditionally, protein by-products from oil seeds and cereal grains have been used in pet foods as sustainable, inexpensive, and protein-rich ingredients. However, the on-going demonization of soy- and corn-based ingredients continue to hinder their use in pet food and treat formulations. Ideally, the further demonstration of their protein quality and nutrient composition may encourage their favorable return as acceptable ingredients in pet foods and treats. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient composition, indispensable amino acid profile, standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of soy flakes (SF), peanut flour (PF), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM). Standardized amino acid digestibility was assessed using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All test ingredients demonstrated a profile of highly digestible indispensable amino acids except for lysine in PF, which was lowest (P < 0.05) at 45.5%. The SBM and CGM had the highest (P > 0.05) digestibilities of indispensable amino acids. A DIAAS-like values was calculated for each ingredient using either AAFCO (2020) recommended values or NRC (2006) recommended allowances as the reference protein pattern. For adult dogs compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was methionine for SF and SBM. For adult cats compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was threonine for SF. There was no first-limiting amino acid in SBM for cats as DIAAS-like values were over 100% for all indispensable amino acids. The TMEn values were highest (P < 0.05) for PF and CGM (4.58 and 4.31 kcal/g [dry matter basis], respectively). The protein quality of these plant-based protein by-products reflect their value as nutritional ingredients for canine and feline diets. However, the prior processing of these by-products must be considered before exposing them to additional processing methods, such as extrusion. Additionally, the inclusion of complementary proteins or supplemental amino acids will be needed to meet all indispensable amino acid requirements for a nutritionally complete and balanced pet food.

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