OLFACTORY AND ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF PSEUDOHYLESINUS NEBULOSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON DOUGLAS-FIR BARK

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Oester ◽  
J. A. Rudinsky ◽  
L. C. Ryker
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Acoustic Behavior ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Reproductive Maturation ◽  
Close Range

AbstractMature male Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) walking on Douglas-fir logs were strongly arrested and stridulated at a female gallery or artificial galleries with female frass, but not at artificial galleries without frass. This response diminished after the female had accepted a male in the gallery. Mature males emitted distinctive chirps for stress, attraction, and rivalry, all of which were different from chirps of immature males, and pushed intruding males from the gallery. In contrast, reproductively immature adult males were only weakly arrested both at artificial galleries and those of feeding females, and were not aggressive toward other males. Only stress chirps of immature males were distinguishable from chirps in other contexts. These observations suggest that adult reproductive maturation includes development of close-range olfactory and acoustic signals and territorial behavior.

scholarly journals Wing Morphology and Flight Behavior of Some North American Hummingbird Species

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 872-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gary Stiles ◽  
Douglas L. Altshuler ◽  
Robert Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
North American ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Wing Disc ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract We explored the relationship between wing morphology and flight behavior with respect to sex and age in five species of North American hummingbirds. We first measured the length, chord or “width,“ and area of entire hummingbird wing planforms. We then calculated additional parameters of wing shape and size, including aspect and shape ratios, degree of taper or “pointedness,“ wing loading, and wing disc loading (WDL). Wings of adult males are not only shorter but also more narrow and tapered than those of adult or immature females; immature males have larger wings and lower WDL, more like those of females. A proposed relationship between WDL and territorial behavior and dominance is not supported, given that adult and immature males show similar feeding territoriality outside the breeding season but females rarely do. The more extreme and divergent wings of adult males probably reflect sexual selection in connection with aerial displays that include species-specific sound effects given during the breeding season. North American species are unusual among hummingbirds in showing reversed sexual size-dimorphism (males smaller, with relatively shorter wings), a feature shared with some other small hummingbirds, notably the “Pygmornis“ hermits. Attempts to explain hummingbird foraging and territorial behavior on the basis of differences in WDL have failed because many aspects of wing morphology, physiology, and flight behavior were not taken into account. Several wing parameters appear more related to other modes of flight than to strategies of nectar exploitation, and the morphology of any given wing represents a compromise between the often conflicting aerodynamic demands of different flight modes. Understanding hummingbird flight will require broad comparative studies of wing morphology and wingbeat kinematics in relation to flight behavior, and new theoretical models and experimental data will be needed to elucidate physiological and aerodynamic mechanisms underlying forward flight and maneuvering. Morfología Alar y Comportamiento de Vuelo de Unas Especies de Colibríes de Norteamérica

scholarly journals Responses of Adult White-Crowned Sparrows to Playback of Song Phrases: Implications for the Ontogeny of Song Recognition

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Soha ◽  
Carol Whaling
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Change ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Melospiza Melodia ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Song Sparrow ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Song Recognition ◽  
Song Types

Abstract We examined the contribution of individual song phrases to territorial behavior in Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) in the Bodega, California, dialect area. We presented territorial adult males with playbacks of five song types: local conspecific song, three single phrase types of local conspecific song, and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) song. Local conspecific song evoked the strongest response, measured in latency to flight, number of flights, average and closest distance from playback speaker, and vocal response. Of individual song phrases, the trill evoked the strongest response, and the whistle evoked the weakest. Combining these results with those of previous studies on young birds, we describe a model of developmental change from responsiveness to all phrase types in dependent fledglings, through reliance on a species-universal phrase as a cue for song learning, to the use of a more variable, dialect-distinct phrase as a territorial signal by adults. Respuestas de Adultos de Zonotrichia leucophrys al Playback de Cantos: Implicancias para la Ontogenia del Reconocimiento de Cantos Resumen. Examinamos la contribución de frases individuales de canto al comportamiento territorial de Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli en el área del dialecto de Bodega, California. Enfrentamos a machos adultos territoriales con playbacks de cinco tipos de canto: canto local de aves coespecíficas, tres tipos de frases individuales de canto local de aves coespecíficas, y canto de Melospiza melodia. El canto local de aves coespecíficas produjo la respuesta más fuerte, medida como latencia a volar, número de vuelos, distancia media y mínima a la estación de playback, y respuesta vocal. De las frases individuales de canto, el trino produjo la respuesta más fuerte y el silbido la más débil. Combinando estos resultados con aquellos de estudios anteriores en aves jóvenes, describimos un modelo de cambio en las etapas del desarrollo del canto que va desde la respuesta a todos los tipos de frases en volantones dependientes, pasando por una etapa de dependencia de una frase común a todas las especies como guía para aprender cantos, hasta el uso de una frase dialéctica distintiva como señal territorial en los adultos.

Preputialectomised and intact adult male mice exhibit an elevated urinary ratio of oestradiol to creatinine in the presence of developing females, whilst promoting uterine and ovarian growth of these females

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Khan ◽  
Robert G. Berger ◽  
Denys deCatanzaro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Ovarian Mass ◽  
Reproductive Maturation ◽  
Urinary Steroids ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
Ovarian Growth ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Preputial Glands ◽  
Female Sexual Development

Exposure to novel adult males and their urine can hasten the onset of sexual maturity in female mice. Some evidence implicates chemosignals from males’ preputial glands, while other evidence suggests that male urinary steroids, especially 17β-oestradiol, contribute to this effect. The present experiment was designed to determine whether preputial gland removal would influence the capacity of males to accelerate female sexual development, and to measure male urinary oestradiol and testosterone in the presence or absence of these glands. Juvenile females aged 28 days were housed for two weeks in isolation or underneath two outbred males that had undergone preputialectomy or sham surgery. Urine samples were collected non-invasively from males that were isolated or exposed to females, then assayed for oestradiol, testosterone and creatinine. Combined uterine and ovarian mass from females sacrificed at 43 days of age was increased by exposure to males, regardless of whether or not these males had been preputialectomised. Male urinary creatinine was reduced by exposure to developing females. Creatinine-adjusted oestradiol and testosterone were significantly greater in female-exposed than in isolated males, in both preputialectomised and intact males. These data suggest that the preputials are not necessary for the capacity of males to hasten female uterine and ovarian growth. As exogenous oestrogens can promote uterine growth and other parameters of female reproductive maturation, oestradiol in males’ urine may contribute to earlier sexual maturity in male-exposed females.

DIEL PERIODICITY OF SONG TYPE IN AN AQUATIC INSECT (PALMACORIXA BUENOI: HETEROPTERA: CORIXIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 1569-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Diel Periodicity ◽  
Acoustic Behavior ◽  
Acoustic Activity ◽  
Early Evening

The existence of a diurnal cycle in the rate of production of acoustic signals by aquatic heteropterans has been observed by several workers (Leston 1955; Mitis 1936; Schaller 1951; Theiss 1983). These accounts all mention an increase in acoustic activity in early evening. Jansson (1968, 1973) determined that the single strongest component releasing acoustic behavior was light level in the genera Cenocorixa and Callicorixa and that different species of Cenocorixa had different maxima. The study reported here began as an examination of diel periodicity of song incidence in the corixid bug Palmacorixa buenoi but results were substantially different in kind from most other studies of this nature in the literature.

Reproduction in Male Ningaui (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Kitchener ◽  
N Cooper ◽  
a Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Almost All

'Stages in the spermatogenic cycle of Ningaui ridei, N. yvonneae and N. timealeyi are defined and the phenology of these stages is presented. In males of Ningaui spp. sexual maturity is reached in the first year, such that after the end of July of each year almost all male Ningaui spp. are considered reproductively mature. Male Ningaui spp. in the active spermatogenic phase are found during the entire season of births (August-January in N. ridei and N. timealeyi but perhaps terminating earlier in N. yvonneae); testes regress to an immature spermatogenic stage after January. There is no indication that in the field adult males die immediately following mating.

Host Selection and Invasion by the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, in Coastal Douglas-fir Forests

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rudinsky
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Host Attraction ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Secondary Attraction

AbstractThe dispersal flight of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, is oriented toward fresh windthrown and cut trees when these are present in the stand, the beetle being attracted by oleoresin, particularly its alpha-pinene, camphene, and limonene fractions. In the absence of such material the pioneer beetle dispersal appears to be rather uniform throughout the stand. This host attraction precedes the beetle attraction which is produced by unmated females shortly after entering the host and which results in mass concentration of beetles around the center of attraction. Of these two phases in the attraction process, the secondary attraction is far stronger than that caused by the fractions of the host oleoresin.Attraction centers are established only in freshly downed trees and in standing trees of subnormal physiological condition under both latent and epizootic conditions; however, under epizootic conditions, the beetles can invade even vigorous trees in the perimeter of attraction. The survival of such trees depends on their ability to exude oleoresin, which in turn is influenced greatly by environmental factors. The susceptibility of trees to successful beetle invasion is characterized by their oleoresin exudation pressure, which reflects water disturbances in the tree. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of the resin pressure are discussed in relation to beetle flight and invasion, and the resin effects upon the beetle (both mechanical and chemical) are considered. The beetles are found to be repelled by Douglas-fir resin and its fractions, i.e. alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, terpineol and geraniol, when tested at close range in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Signalling with a cryptic trait: the regularity of barred plumage in common waxbills

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 160195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana I. J. Marques ◽  
Helena R. Batalha ◽  
Gonçalo C. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Individual Quality ◽  
Sexual Signals ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sexual Signalling ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Feather Development ◽  
Regular Patterns

Sexual signals often compromise camouflage because of their conspicuousness. Pigmentation patterns, on the contrary, aid in camouflage. It was hypothesized that a particular type of pattern—barred plumage in birds, whereby pigmented bars extend across feathers—could simultaneously signal individual quality, because disruptions of these patterns should be perceptually salient at close range and help assess plumage condition. Here we show that common waxbills ( Estrilda astrild ), which have extensive barred plumage, have more regular patterns as adults than as juveniles, and that adult males have more regular patterns than females. Both these differences are indicative of sexual signalling in species with conventional sex roles. More regular barred plumage was related to better body condition in adult males. Colour ornamentation traits were also related to aspects of quality, either the same as barred plumage (body condition) or a different one (good feather development), supporting both the ‘redundant message’ and the ‘multiple message’ hypotheses for the coexistence of multiple sexual signals. Although receiver responses to the regularity of barred plumage were not studied here, research on other species has shown that barred plumage can mediate social interactions. We conclude that using barred plumage as a signal of quality helps circumvent the functional compromise between camouflage and communication.

Estimating the risk of temporary acoustic threshold shift, caused by hydroacoustic devices, in whales in the Southern Ocean

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
ULRICH KREMSER ◽  
PETER KLEMM ◽  
WOLF-DIETRICH KÖTZ
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Beaked Whale ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Close Range ◽  
The Impact

There is a potential threat to marine mammals from acoustic signals emitted by hydroacoustic devices. The impact on the hearing of marine mammals depends on the technical parameters of the instruments and on the exposure of the animal to noise pulses, as well as on the properties of the biological system, that is to say, on the anatomy and the audiogram of the animal. Here, the blue whale, the sperm whale and the beaked whale are taken as examples in an investigation of the potential exposure to noise pulses from the hydroacoustic instruments Hydrosweep and Parasound. Diving depths of the whales and relative speeds of the animals with respect to the survey vessels are taken into account, as well as the area impacted by the equipment, in estimating the level of sound needed to produce “temporary threshold shift” in an animal. The results suggest that auditory damage is only likely if animals pass the transducer at close range and that the impact on marine mammals can be mitigated by implementing prior detection and shut down procedures.

The Ontogeny of Greeting, Grooming, and Sexual Motor Patterns in Captive Baboons (Superspecies Papio Cynocephalus)

Behaviour ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 358-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence R. Anthoney
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Hair Pulling ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Sexual Skin ◽  
The Face ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Zoological Park

AbstractDuring the summers of 1964 and 1965, a group of approximately 85 baboons (superspecies Papio cynocephalus) was observed at close range on an island of artificial rock-work in the Chicago Zoological Park (Brookfield). The group was unusual in that it contained no adult males. Data were collected on the ontogenetic relationships of several motor patterns used in greeting, grooming, and sexual behaviors. i. Lip-smacking, a motor pattern common to all baboons on the island, probably consists of rapidly repeated sucking movements. In the newborn the lip-smacking pattern is associated with nursing and soon becomes associated with sexual arousal as well. As the infant grows older, his responses to lip-smacking adult females guide his learning of mature greeting and sexual behaviors. Several objects are associated with lip-smacking; all are pink like the female nipple, and some also resemble it in shape. These objects- the nipples and sexual skin of the female, the penis of the male, and the face and perineum of the black infant (0-6 mo. old) - are attractive to other baboons and probably contribute to group cohesion. 2. The embrace and mounting use essentially the same motor patterns. Both are derived from the grasping reflex of the infant. Which appears in a given situation depends primarily on the posture of the recipient. 3. Grooming first acquires significance for the infant when he becomes weaned from the breast. Although he may not nurse, his mother usually tolerates his attempts to groom her. Thus, whenever he is frightened or otherwise needs security, the weaned infant comes to groom instead of seeking his mother's breast. Although the usual grooming patterns are only abstracted remnants of the patterns originally displayed by the infant as he nursed and was weaned, some less common grooming patterns- saliva-licking, oral-grooming, plucking, and hair-pulling - retain more detail and thus show more clearly their infantile derivation.

Characterization of Tamm-Horsfall Urinary Glycoprotein

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 420-421
Author(s):  
John P. Robinson ◽  
J. David Puett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm ◽  
Urinary Glycoprotein

Much work has been reported on the chemical, physical and morphological properties of urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THG). Although it was once reported that cystic fibrotic (CF) individuals had a defective THG, more recent data indicate that THG and CF-THG are similar if not identical.No studies on the conformational aspects have been reported on this glycoprotein using circular dichroism (CD). We examined the secondary structure of THG and derivatives under various conditions and have correlated these results with quaternary structure using electron microscopy.THG was prepared from normal adult males and CF-THG from a 16-year old CF female by the method of Tamm and Horsfall. CF female by the method of Tamm and Horsfall.

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