EFFECT OF PHEROMONE PERMEATION ON SUSTAINED FLIGHT OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Pheromone Plumes

AbstractFlight durations of male spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), that were locked-on to pheromone plumes from female moths were measured in a wind tunnel. Flight was sustained by use of a movable patterned ceiling. The longest sustained flight was 53 min. The effects of different background concentrations of synthetic pheromone were tested by surrounding the female moths with rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone. The duration of sustained flights decreased as the concentration of background synthetic pheromone increased, but at all concentrations some males persisted in orientated flight for 10 min or longer.

EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE ON MATING DISRUPTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS IN A WIND TUNNEL

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Sensory Fatigue ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations

AbstractMale spruce budworm moths were kept in a wind tunnel for 4 days and assayed each day to determine their ability to locate calling females that were surrounded by rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone, a 95:5 blend of E:Z-11-tetradecenal. As the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, the numbers of males successfully locating females decreased, the latency of response increased, and the speed of flight decreased. At release rates from the septa close to those of a calling female, 6–60 ng/h per septum, most disrupted males flew to a septum instead of the females. At the highest release rate tested, 600 ng/h, many males were inactive or flew to the sides of the tunnel, which indicates sensory fatigue. This effect was more pronounced among males that were continuously exposed to the synthetic pheromone for the 4 days than among males kept in pheromone-free air between assays. About a quarter of the males died or became unable to fly after the 4 days, but there was no change in the proportions of the different responses of males, or in their response times, with increasing age, nor was there evidence that males were conditioned by their experience on previous days. The results led to the conclusion that time-averaged atmospheric concentrations of the synthetic pheromone as high as 20 ng/m3 are necessary to achieve effective disruption of the orientation of male spruce budworm moths to calling female moths.

RESPONSES OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS TO SEX PHEROMONE RELEASED FROM FILTER PAPER AND RUBBER SEPTA

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Synthetic Sex Pheromone ◽  
Pheromone Blend

AbstractThe behavioral responses of male spruce budworm moths to a wide range of loadings of synthetic sex pheromone on filter paper and rubber septa were investigated in a wind tunnel. The highest proportion of males flying upwind and reaching filter-paper dispensers occurred at pheromone loadings of between 0.1 and 10 μg. Above these loadings, males were activated but upwind flight was arrested before the moths reached the pheromone source. No such arrestment occurred with rubber septa up to the maximum loading assayed, 1 mg. Up to 72% of the males that reached a septum attempted to copulate with it, but even this response was less than that to a septum in the presence of pheromone emitted by females. This confirms previous conclusions that the synthetic pheromone blend used here, 95:5 (E:Z-11-tetradecenal) is incomplete.

RESPONSES OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SEX PHEROMONE AS MEASURED IN A SUSTAINED-FLIGHT WIND TUNNEL

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders ◽  
G. S. Lucuik ◽  
R. M. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Similar Concentration ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Wing Fanning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pheromone Plume ◽  
Natural Pheromone

AbstractResponses were recorded of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) exposed to natural pheromone and a wide range of concentrations of synthetic pheromone in an all-glass wind tunnel equipped with a moving, patterned ceiling. The numbers of males wing-fanning and plume-following decreased with decreasing concentration of the pheromone plume. Speed of upwind flight with the ceiling stationary increased with decreasing concentration, but the durations of flight sustained by moving the ceiling were not significantly different under the different concentrations.Males exposed to pheromone produced by calling females showed a higher incidence of plume-following, and flew significantly faster, than males exposed to a similar concentration of synthetic pheromone.

FLIGHT DURATION OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA [CLEM.]) AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM ARE UNAFFECTED BY MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION OR MOTH SIZE

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders ◽  
G.G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Female Attractiveness ◽  
Microsporidian Infection ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNo correlation was found between the size of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) moths and the duration of their flight in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. The numbers of male moths caught in traps baited with virgin female spruce budworm moths increased as the size of the females increased, but the relationship was significant in only one of eight experiments. Infection with the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) resulted in smaller insects, but there were no significant relationships between the incidence of infection and male flight duration or female attractiveness.

BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF SECONDARY COMPONENTS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1053-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Alford ◽  
P. J. Silk ◽  
M. McClure ◽  
C. Gibson ◽  
J. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Number Of Males

AbstractLaboratory wind tunnel and field observations have demonstrated an important behavioural role of tetradecanal (14:Ald) in the chemical communication system of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). A greater number of males initiated upwind flight and continued on to contact the source when 14:Ald was present than with 95/5 E/Z11-tetradecenal (E/Z11-14:Ald) alone. The presence of E11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E11-14:Ac) decreased the males' responsiveness to the aldehydes. Its effect appeared to be attenuated, when present at low levels with 95/5 E/Z11-14:Ald, by the presence of 14:Ald, but it is still unclear what effects low levels of E11-14:Ac have on male behaviour.

DISRUPTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), MATING IN A WIND TUNNEL BY SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE: ROLE OF HABITUATION

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Natural Pheromone ◽  
Pheromone Plumes

The disruption of chemical communication between adult insects by the use of synthetic sex pheromones is an attractive method of insect control. However the mechanism of disruption is not clearly understood. It is generally considered that 3 mechanisms are in operation (see review by Bartell 1982): masking of the natural-pheromone plumes by permeation of the atmosphere with synthetic pheromone; orientation of males to false trails; and habituation of the central nervous system by prolonged or repeated exposure to the pheromone. The relative importance of these 3 mechanisms in disruption is of concern, as this can affect the strategy for disseminating the pheromone.

EVALUATION OF HIGH-CAPACITY, NONSATURATING SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING POPULATION DENSITIES OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps

AbstractThe efficiency of two sticky-bottomed traps and seven high-capacity, nonsticky traps in catching male spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths was evaluated in a wind tunnel. The place where the male moths first contacted the trap, the length of time that passed until they entered the trap, and the number remaining in the trap after 5 min were recorded. The most efficient traps were the Pherocon 1 C, a sticky-bottomed trap, and the Multi-Pher and Uni-trap, both nonsticky traps with internal funnel-shaped baffles that prevent moths from escaping. As sticky traps become saturated at relatively low densities they are not suitable for monitoring wide changes in population density. The Multi-Pher and Uni-trap are therefore recommended for monitoring population changes of the spruce budworm, establishing thresholds for management action, and estimating population density.

SEX PHEROMONE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): EVIDENCE FOR A MISSING COMPONENT

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Wind Tunnel Experiments ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate

AbstractWind tunnel experiments confirmed the optimum blend of the two major components of the sex pheromone of the spruce bud worm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal, to be close to a ratio of 95(E):5(Z). The addition of two minor components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the saturated tetradecanal, previously identified in the effluvia of calling virgin females, showed that the acetate alone reduced the level of some responses, while the addition of tetradecanal to the acetate:aldehyde blend restored response to previous levels. Addition of tetradecanal alone showed only minor effects on responses. Males responding to calling females showed higher levels of response and sustained flight longer than did males responding to the four-component blend, and this fact suggests that the blend is incomplete.

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