The importance and use of taxon sampling curves for comparative biodiversity research with forest arthropod assemblages

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Buddle ◽  
Julien Beguin ◽  
Elise Bolduc ◽  
Alida Mercado ◽  
Tara E. Sackett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Taxon Sampling ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Single Index ◽  
Arthropod Biodiversity ◽  
Forested Ecosystems ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractFor over three decades, the importance of taxon sampling curves for comparative biodiversity studies has been repeatedly stated. However, many entomologists (both within Canada and worldwide) continue to publish studies without standardizing their data to take sampling effort into account. We present a case study to illustrate the importance of such standardization, using the collection of spiders (Araneae) by pitfall traps as model data. Data were analyzed using rarefaction to represent one example of a taxon sampling curve, and by a variety of traditional diversity indices to describe alpha diversity. Raw species richness and single-index diversity measures (Shannon–Wiener, Simpson's, and Fisher's α) provided contradictory results. Rarefied species richness standardized to the number of individuals collected enabled more accurate comparisons of diversity and revealed when sampling was insufficient. Focusing on arthropods occurring in forested ecosystems, we also examined the use of taxon sampling curves in current literature by reviewing 133 published articles from 14 journals. Only 26% of the published articles in our review used a taxon sampling curve, and raw species richness and the Shannon–Wiener index of diversity were the most commonly used estimates. There is clearly a need to modify how alpha diversity is measured and compared for arthropod biodiversity studies. We recommend the abandonment of both raw species richness and single-index measures of diversity, and reiterate the need to use rarefaction or a related technique that allows for meaningful comparisons of species richness while taking into account sampling effort.

scholarly journals Arthropod Biodiversity in Agricultural, Horticultural and Silvicultural Ecosystems with Special Reference to Spiders (Araneae) in Mid-hills of Meghalaya, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotim Gogoi ◽  
Kennedy Ningthoujam
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystem ◽  
Arthropod Biodiversity ◽  
Q Statistic

Abstract Spiders are the Arthropod and belong to the Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Arachnida, Order: Araneae. Their occurrence worldwide is about 30,000 species belonging to the 60 families. Totally 4023 arthropods were collected from Silvicultural, Horticultural and Agricultural ecosystem (Maize, Potato and Rice) which belonged to 14 orders and 85 Nos. of different families. Among the ecosystem maximum diversity found in Silvicultural followed by Horticultural and Agricultural ecosystem in terms of alpha diversity such as Shannon Wiener index Simpsons D, Species number, Margelef D, Equitability J, Berger Parker index, Maclntosch U, Brillouin level, Fisher Alpha, Q Statistic and beta diversity such as Whittaker Bw, Cody Bc, Routledge Br, Routledge Bi, Routledge Be and Wilson & Shmida Bt.

scholarly journals Variation in the diversity and richness of parasitoid wasps based on sampling effort

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Saunders ◽  
Darren F. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship

Parasitoid wasps are a mega-diverse, ecologically dominant, but poorly studied component of global biodiversity. In order to maximise the efficiency and reduce the cost of their collection, the application of optimal sampling techniques is necessary. Two sites in Auckland, New Zealand were sampled intensively to determine the relationship between sampling effort and observed species richness of parasitoid wasps from the family Ichneumonidae. Twenty traps were deployed at each site at three different times over the austral summer period, resulting in a total sampling effort of 840 Malaise-trap-days. Rarefaction techniques and non-parametric estimators were used to predict species richness and to evaluate the variation and completeness of sampling. Despite an intensive Malaise-trapping regime over the summer period, no asymptote of species richness was reached. At best, sampling captured two-thirds of parasitoid wasp species present. The estimated total number of species present depended on the month of sampling and the statistical estimator used. Consequently, the use of fewer traps would have caught only a small proportion of all species (one trap 7–21%; two traps 13–32%), and many traps contributed little to the overall number of individuals caught. However, variation in the catch of individual Malaise traps was not explained by seasonal turnover of species, vegetation or environmental conditions surrounding the trap, or distance of traps to one another. Overall the results demonstrate that even with an intense sampling effort the community is incompletely sampled. The use of only a few traps and/or for very short periods severely limits the estimates of richness because (i) fewer individuals are caught leading to a greater number of singletons; and (ii) the considerable variation of individual traps means some traps will contribute few or no individuals. Understanding how sampling effort affects the richness and diversity of parasitoid wasps is a useful foundation for future studies.

scholarly journals Geographical Distribution, Biodiversity, and Species Richness of Medically Important Necrophagous Flies in Central Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
Ehssan Mozaffari ◽  
Abedin Saghafipour ◽  
Kourosh Arzamani ◽  
Nahid Jesri ◽  
Majid Kababian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Important Species

Abstract There have been some investigations carried out about necrophagous flies and their biodiversity indices in Iran. In the present study, the species composition of flies, their richness, and biodiversity were investigated in central Iran. In a cross-sectional study, specimens were collected monthly in three different climate areas of Qom Province. Species diversity, species richness, and species evenness were calculated to estimate the species biodiversity of flies. In total, 7,291 flies were collected and identified using valid identification keys that classified flies into four families and 15 different species. The largest collection of flies was obtained in the mountainous areas comprising 36.2% of specimens. Moreover, five forensically important species of fly were collected in this region with the potential to cause human and animal myiasis: Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata, Musca domestica, Wohlfahrtia nuba, and Chrysomya albiceps. There were slight differences in species richness and diversity indices in the areas. In mountainous areas, the Shannon–Wiener index and richness were maximum (H’ = 1.87, S = 13). The evenness based on the Shannon evenness index in the mountainous areas was 0.728 and 0.719 in desert areas, whereas it was the highest (0.764) in the semidesert areas. Moreover, high values of the Jaccard similarity index were observed in captured necrophagous fly species in all the areas. The necrophagous fly fauna and species diversity indices were high because of an increase in the evenness. In general, some well-known forensically important species of flies were collected that proved the potential of myiasis occurrence in this area.

scholarly journals Ichthyofauna from “serranias costeiras” of the Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Southeast Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Cetra ◽  
George Mattox ◽  
Perla Bahena Romero ◽  
Stephanie Hernández Escobar ◽  
Euriluce Aparecida Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fish Diversity ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Gamma Diversity ◽  
Data Set

Abstract: The Ribeira de Iguape River basin has about 100 fish species. This study aimed to characterize the fish community from “serranias costeiras” of the Ribeira de Iguape River basin. Samplings were conducted with electrofishing during the dry season in the years 2018-2019. The sampling effort consisted of 30 streams stretches. As a result, 50 species were captured, distributed in 37 genera, 11 families, and six orders. The species richness estimate (SChao1) was 57 species, and the coverage estimate for the entire data set was C = 0.998. Harttia kronei and Chasmocranus lopezae are endemic species and can be used as bioindicators of streams in this river basin. We captured approximately nine species by stream stretch. Beta diversity was found to be more critical for gamma diversity than alpha diversity. This finding highlights the streams environmental heterogeneity importance for maintaining regional fish diversity. We captured eight individuals of the threatened species Spintherobolus papilliferus and this indicates an expansion in the geographic distribution of this species.

Diversity

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Gray ◽  
Michael Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Abundance Ratio ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Evenness Indices ◽  
Number Of Individuals

In the previous chapter we covered ways of describing samples of benthos, but specifically did not include diversity. We can talk of primary community variables, such as abundance (A), species richness (S) and biomass (B), and derived variables from these such as true diversity indices, evenness indices, and ratios indicating the relationship between species richness and abundance (A/S, the abundance ratio or the average abundance per species) and between biomass and abundance (B/A, the biomass ratio or the mean biomass per individual). Diversity is not just simply about the number of species found in a sample or area, but also uses data on the abundances of individuals among the species and the way those abundances are distributed among the species within the assemblage. There are many ways of describing diversity. Here we give a summary of the most important ones and reference sources of recent literature on the subject (see also the data analysis summary in Chapter 11). In the following section we consider simple indices (univariate) as measures of diversity; multivariate methods of analysing patterns will be covered in Chapter 7 on the effects of disturbance. The simplest way to measure diversity is the number of species found in a sample, called the species richness (S or SR). Yet diversity is not just about numbers of species; it is also concerned with the distribution of numbers of individuals per species. For example, if one assemblage has 50 individuals of each of 2 species A and B whereas another assemblage has 99 individuals of species A and 1 individual of species B, then both have the same species richness but the first assemblage is the more diverse. Thus a measure of diversity (an index) must take into account not only the number of species, but also the number of individuals per species. To distinguish this from species richness, the combination of individuals per species and number of species is called heterogeneity diversity. In fact there are a large number of diversity indices, and we do not propose to consider them all here (Magurran 2004 gives an excellent and detailed account and others are mentioned in the summary in Chapter 11).

Diversity of nematodes in the yellow-necked field mouseApodemus flavicollisfrom the Peripannonic region of Serbia

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Čabrilo ◽  
V.M. Jovanović ◽  
O. Bjelić-Čabrilo ◽  
I. Budinski ◽  
J. Blagojević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Generalized Linear Models ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Taxonomic Distinctness ◽  
Field Mouse ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Longitudinal Gradient

AbstractUp to six nematode species were identified from 86 specimens of the yellow-necked field mouseApodemus flavicollisfrom three mountainous localities known as Avala, Cer and Liškovac in Serbia. The highest prevalence of infection of 97% was recorded from Mt. Avala. Only one nematode species,Syphacia frederici, occurred in all three localities. There was complete overlap in nematode species from Mts. Avala and Liškovac, whereas the taxonomic distinctness of Mt. Cer was seen in the presence of the insect-transmitted speciesRictularia proni. Locality was a statistically significant factor in all the best-fitted generalized linear models of variation in abundances. The highest level of both species richness and parasite alpha diversity (Shannon'sH= 1.47) was found in the easternmost Mt. Liškovac, whereas the diversity indices were lowest for the westernmost Mt. Cer (Shannon'sH= 0.48). In view of this geographical difference, the beta diversity indices were calculated along a west to east longitudinal gradient.

Ascidian diversity (Chordata: Tunicata) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajaram Murugan ◽  
Gnanakkan Ananthan
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Andaman And Nicobar Islands ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Ascidians are filter-feeding sac-like marine urochordates of great evolutionary, ecological and economic importance. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are one of the most important hot spots of biodiversity in India, while the ascidian diversity of this region is very scanty. Ascidians belonging to 29 species were identified at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during the field research carried out from March 2014 to April 2015. Eight species (Didemnum granulatum, Didemnum molle, Didemnum psammatodes, Diplosoma listerianum, Lissoclinum fragile, Lissoclinum levitum, Lissoclinum patella, Trididemnum Cyclops) from the Didemnidae family were found and identified. Various diversity indices, such as the Shannon -Wiener index (H’), Margalef’s index (D), Pielou’s index (J’), K-dominance curves, Cluster Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling, were used to analyze the diversity, richness and evenness of species, and to compare the diversity between samples and their resemblance in terms of species composition. The maximum species richness was observed in Campbell Bay (2.424) and the minimum in Haddo Wharf (0.910). This finding shows the rich species diversity of ascidian fauna at Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

scholarly journals Analysis of Structure and Diversity of the Kilengwe Forest in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sylvester Kacholi
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Total Species ◽  
Fisher’S Alpha

This study investigates the structure, species composition, and diversity of a section of the Kilengwe Forest in Tanzania. In order to accomplish the proposed objectives, 18 plots of 20 m × 20 m were randomly established in the forest and the number of tree species in each plot was identified and counted. The most important families and species were determined using importance value indices at the respective taxonomic levels. Diversity was measured using the Shannon-Wiener and Fisher alpha diversity indices. A total of 276 stems/ha representing 93 species/ha within 26 families were documented from 0.72 ha. Fabaceae and Julbernadia globiflora were the dominant family and species, respectively. Seventy-eight percent of the total species were rare. The average basal area of the forest was 7.1 m2/ha. The Shannon-Wiener index (4.02) and Fisher’s alpha diversity (35.5) indicated high species diversity within the forest. The species-area and species-abundance curves revealed an escalating trend implying that more sampling efforts could result in a higher number of species existing in the forest. The size class distribution displayed a reverse J-shaped pattern; however, the larger size classes DBH >50 cm were not represented. The study suggests the necessity for anthropogenic disturbance control as this is the major source of forest degradation in the studied area.

scholarly journals Anthropic effects on the fish community of Ribeirão Claro, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC. Ferreira ◽  
M. Petrere Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Made In

The effect of anthropic alterations such as drain discharge on a fish community was studied in the Ribeirão Claro River, municipality of Rio Claro, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Samples were made monthly in three different points along the river (headwaters, mid course, and confluence) between December, 2003 and March, 2004, which is the reproductive period for the majority of the species. The fish community of the Ribeirão Claro River showed a fair composition and diversity, with species rarely observed in studies made in the region, such as Paravandellia oxyfera and Callichthys callichthys. Indices of diversity and equitability showed different results when weight or the number of individuals were considered. Moreover, these indices did not reveal the typical increase in diversity from the headwaters toward the confluence, nor the loss of richness in the part altered by drain discharge. An interpretation should be made with caution, taking into account the diverse factors included in the computation. Similar to the diversity indices, the Morisita-Horn similarity index did not reveal a great difference in the fish community of the confluence of the river, mainly in relation to its mid course. The decline of species richness and trophic composition alteration in the disturbed part is clear, which shows a great dominance of piscivorous species.

scholarly journals Does plant diversity determine the diversity of the rhizosphere microbial community?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Zverev ◽  
Arina Kichko ◽  
Vasiliy Shapkin ◽  
Aleksandr Pinaev ◽  
Nikolay Provorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Community System ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Rhizosphere Community

The rhizosphere community represents an “ecological interface” between plant and soil, providing the plant with a number of advantages. Close connection and mutual influence in this communication allow to talk about the self-adjusting “plant-rhizosphere community” system, which should be be studied in connection. Diversity estimation is one of the ways of describing both bacterial and plant communities. Based on the literature, there are two assumptions of how the diversity of plant communities related to the diversity of bacterial communities: 1) an increase in the species richness of plants leads to an increase in the number of available micro-niches, and increasing of microbial diversity, 2) an increase in the species richness of plants is accompanied by the predominant development of bacteria from highly productive specific taxa and decreasing in the diversity of microorganisms. E xperimental studies show controversial results. We analyzed field sites (rye crop field and two fallow sites), using DNA isolation of both the plant root mass (followed by sequencing of the ITS1 region) and rhizosphere microorganisms (followed by sequencing of the 16s rDNA V4 region). This allowed us to 1) accurately determine the abundance and taxonomic position of plant communities; 2) extract information about both plant and microbial communities from the same sample. There was no correlation between alpha-diversity indices of plants and rhizosphere communities. Alpha-diversity connection should be explored in similar plant communities, such as synusia. We hypothesize, that the significant differences in plant abundances lead to significant changes in exudation profiles, and the loss of diversity connection. T he beta-diversity between rhizosphere communities and plant communities is highly correlated, in particular in terms of the abundance of taxa. This can be explained by a potential correlation (as reported in the literature) or by the presence of statistical artifacts. p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent }p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US }p.cjk { font-family: "Noto Serif CJK SC"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN }p.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN }a:link { color: #000080; text-decoration: underline

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