Ammonium carbonate loss rates from lures differentially affect trap captures of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) and non-target flies

2016 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Yee
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Ac Loss ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
Loss Rates

AbstractWestern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest of cherry (Prunus Linnaeus, Rosaceae) in western North America that can be monitored using traps baited with ammonia. However, ammonia-based attractants also attract non-target Diptera that clutter traps. Here, the hypothesis that ammonium carbonate (AC) loss rates from lures differentially affect numbers of R. indifferens and non-target flies caught on sticky yellow rectangles in sweet cherry trees was tested in Washington State, United States of America. Ammonium carbonate loss rates were varied from seven-dram plastic vials hung ~1 cm above traps. A total of six experiments were conducted in which progressively lower AC loss rates within a range of 0.10–26.19 mg AC/hour were tested. For captures of R. indifferens, no AC loss rate comparisons within 0.19–26.19 mg/hour differed, and captures were not reduced until losses were lowered to 0.10–0.13 mg/hour. In contrast, captures of medium to large (⩾5 mm long) non-target flies, which were mostly Sarcophagidae (Diptera), were reduced at a rate ~30 times higher, at 3.34 or 3.80 mg AC/hour. Results suggest that using lures with an AC loss rate of 0.19 mg/hour can maintain high R. indifferens captures while reducing non-target fly captures and thus can improve monitoring efficiency.

THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): 3. DEVELOPING A MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BY UTILIZING ATTRACTANT TRAPS AS MONITORING DEVICES

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1133-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. AliNiazee
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Substantial Saving ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
Monitoring Devices

AbstractAttractant traps, such as Pherocon ICPY®-MAGO trap and Pherocon®-AM Standard trap, were effective in monitoring emergence of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Among the aerial traps tested, ICPY-MAGO, Pherocon-AM Standard, and Saturn yellow colored rectangles and spheres were equally effective. The ammonium carbonate traps were significantly inferior. A management program that utilized aerial traps as monitoring devices reduced the amount of spraying from 20 to 100%, depending on the fly population in the orchard, and resulted in a substantial saving of spray costs.

Soil moisture and relative humidity effects during postdiapause on the emergence of western cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wee L. Yee
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Humidity Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
High Emergence

AbstractPupae of western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), from Kennewick and Roslyn in Washington State, United States of America, were subjected to different soil and air moisture conditions to test the hypotheses that adult emergence from dry and moist soil is similar and is greater and occurs earlier at high than low relative humidities (RHs). Adult fly emergence from 0–57% saturated loam soil did not differ in Kennewick (64.8–75.1%) and Roslyn (81.7–86.6%) populations. Emergence did not occur from 76% saturated loam soil. In a RH experiment using dry soil, emergence of Kennewick flies was highest at 97% RH (76.8%), intermediate at 12–74% RH (66.4–69.6%), and lowest at 3% RH (58.0%). Emergence of Roslyn flies was higher at 97% RH (85.6%) than 3% (69.2%) and 12% RH (74.3%), but it did not differ from that at 33% (76.9%) and 74% RH (79.4%). Flies emerged ∼2–3 days earlier at 97% RH than at 3–12% RH. An unnaturally low RH of 3% caused more flies to be deformed than higher RHs. High emergence of R. indifferens in dry and moist conditions likely contributes to its presence in a wide range of native and nonnative habitats.

scholarly journals A new milliped of the genus Stenozonium Shelley 1998 from Washington State, U. S. A.: first record of the genus and family from North of the Columbia River (Polyzoniida: Polyzoniidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1017 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
ROWLAND M. SHELLEY ◽  
WILLIAM A. SHEAR
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
First Record ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Olympic Peninsula

The new species, Stenozonium leonardi, the northernmost representative of the Polyzoniidae in western North America and the only one north of the Columbia River, is described from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington; it is isolated by some 180 mi (288 km) from S. benedictae Shelley, 1998, in coastal Oregon. Stenozonium alone among the four polyzoniidan genera in western North America consists of entirely allopatric and widely separated species, with one apiece in California, Oregon, and Washington-evidence that it diversified earlier than its ordinal counterparts.

Rhagoletis indifferens. [Distribution map].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhagoletis indifferens Curran Diptera: Tephritidae Western cherry fruit fly, North American Cherry fruit fly. Attacks Prunus avium and sometimes P. virginiana, P. salicina and P. subcordata Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, USA, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.

scholarly journals Particle wall-loss correction methods in smog chamber experiments

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 6577-6588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningxin Wang ◽  
Spiro D. Jorga ◽  
Jeffery R. Pierce ◽  
Neil M. Donahue ◽  
Spyros N. Pandis
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Quantification Analysis ◽  
Wall Loss ◽  
Loss Rates

Abstract. The interaction of particles with the chamber walls has been a significant source of uncertainty when analyzing results of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation experiments performed in Teflon chambers. A number of particle wall-loss correction methods have been proposed including the use of a size-independent loss rate constant, the ratio of suspended organic mass to that of a conserved tracer (e.g., sulfate seeds), and a size-dependent loss rate constant, etc. For complex experiments such as the chemical aging of SOA, the results of the SOA quantification analysis can be quite sensitive to the adopted correction method due to the evolution of the particle size distribution and the duration of these experiments. We evaluated the performance of several particle wall-loss correction methods for aging experiments of α-pinene ozonolysis products. Determining the loss rates from seed loss periods is necessary for this system because it is not clear when chemical reactions have been completed. Results from the OA ∕ sulfate ratio and the size-independent correction methods can be influenced significantly by the size dependence of the particle wall-loss process. Coagulation can also affect the particle size distribution, especially for particles with diameter less than 100 nm, thus introducing errors in the results of the wall-loss correction. The corresponding loss rate constants may vary from experiment to experiment, and even during a specific experiment. Friction between the Teflon chamber walls and non-conductive surfaces can significantly increase particle wall-loss rates and the chamber may require weeks to recover to its original condition. Experimental procedures are proposed for the characterization of particle losses during different stages of these experiments and the evaluation of corresponding particle wall-loss correction.

scholarly journals Warm CO in evolved stars from the THROES catalogue

2019 ◽  
Vol 622 ◽  
pp. A123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. da Silva Santos ◽  
J. Ramos-Medina ◽  
C. Sánchez Contreras ◽  
P. García-Lario
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Asymptotic Giant Branch ◽  
Strong Line ◽  
Order Estimate ◽  
Evolved Stars ◽  
Flux Variability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Loss Rates

Context. This is the second paper of a series making use of Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of evolved stars in the THROES catalogue to study the inner warm regions of their circumstellar envelopes (CSEs). Aims. We analyse the CO emission spectra, including a large number of high-J CO lines (from J = 14–13 to J = 45–44, ν = 0), as a proxy for the warm molecular gas in the CSEs of a sample of bright carbon-rich stars spanning different evolutionary stages from the asymptotic giant branch to the young planetary nebulae phase. Methods. We used the rotational diagram (RD) technique to derive rotational temperatures (Trot) and masses (MH2) of the envelope layers where the CO transitions observed with PACS arise. Additionally, we obtained a first order estimate of the mass-loss rates and assessed the impact of the opacity correction for a range of envelope characteristic radii. We used multi-epoch spectra for the well-studied C-rich envelope IRC+10216 to investigate the impact of CO flux variability on the values of Trot and MH2. Results. The sensitivity of PACS allowed for the study of higher rotational numbers than before indicating the presence of a significant amount of warmer gas (∼200 − 900 K) that is not traceable with lower J CO observations at submillimetre/millimetre wavelengths. The masses are in the range MH2 ∼ 10−2 − 10−5 M⊙, anticorrelated with temperature. For some strong CO emitters we infer a double temperature (warm T¯rot ∼ 400 K and hot T¯rot ∼ 820 K) component. From the analysis of IRC+10216, we corroborate that the effect of line variability is perceptible on the Trot of the hot component only, and certainly insignificant on MH2 and, hence, the mass-loss rate. The agreement between our mass-loss rates and the literature across the sample is good. Therefore, the parameters derived from the RD are robust even when strong line flux variability occurs, and the major source of uncertainty in the estimate of the mass-loss rate is the size of the CO-emitting volume.

scholarly journals A new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants

2020 ◽  
Vol 492 (4) ◽  
pp. 5994-6006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma R Beasor ◽  
Ben Davies ◽  
Nathan Smith ◽  
Jacco Th van Loon ◽  
Robert D Gehrz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Total Mass Loss ◽  
Red Supergiants ◽  
Current Mass ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Loss Rates

ABSTRACT Evolutionary models have shown the substantial effect that strong mass-loss rates ($\dot{M}$s) can have on the fate of massive stars. Red supergiant (RSG) mass-loss is poorly understood theoretically, and so stellar models rely on purely empirical $\dot{M}$–luminosity relations to calculate evolution. Empirical prescriptions usually scale with luminosity and effective temperature, but $\dot{M}$ should also depend on the current mass and hence the surface gravity of the star, yielding more than one possible $\dot{M}$ for the same position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. One can solve this degeneracy by measuring $\dot{M}$ for RSGs that reside in clusters, where age and initial mass (Minit) are known. In this paper we derive $\dot{M}$ values and luminosities for RSGs in two clusters, NGC 2004 and RSGC1. Using newly derived Minit measurements, we combine the results with those of clusters with a range of ages and derive an Minit-dependent $\dot{M}$ prescription. When comparing this new prescription to the treatment of mass-loss currently implemented in evolutionary models, we find models drastically overpredict the total mass-loss, by up to a factor of 20. Importantly, the most massive RSGs experience the largest downward revision in their mass-loss rates, drastically changing the impact of wind mass-loss on their evolution. Our results suggest that for most initial masses of RSG progenitors, quiescent mass-loss during the RSG phase is not effective at removing a significant fraction of the H-envelope prior to core-collapse, and we discuss the implications of this for stellar evolution and observations of SNe and SN progenitors.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Two Little Cherry Viruses in Sweet Cherry in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Bajet ◽  
T. R. Unruh ◽  
K. L. Druffel ◽  
K. C. Eastwell
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Replicase Gene ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reactions ◽  
Affect Detection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Little cherry disease, one of the major viral diseases of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) worldwide, is associated with either of two closteroviruses, Little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1) and Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2). Two sets of primers corresponding to a portion of the replicase gene of LChV-1 and LChV-2 were used in one-tube reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions to detect these viruses in total RNA extracts of field-collected sweet cherry tissues. LChV-1 and LChV-2 were detected both alone and in combination in five sweet cherry orchards in Washington State. Sequence analysis of a 240-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the replicase open reading frame (ORF)1b and a 232-nt fragment from a portion of ORF8 and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of LChV-1 indicated that North American (NA) isolates shared 90 to 99% nucleotide identity in both genome segments analyzed. In contrast, comparisons of NA isolates to two Eurasian isolates of LChV-1 indicated shared nucleotide identities of 79 to 82% in the replicase fragment and 89 to 90% in the ORF8/3′UTR fragment. Sequence variation in the replicase region did not affect detection of LChV-1 in 12 isolates using the replicase-specific primers reported here. This article represents the first report of LChV-1 and LChV-2 in sweet cherry in Washington.

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