scholarly journals Analytical report of the 2016 dengue outbreak in Córdoba city, Argentina

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Rotela ◽  
Laura Lopez ◽  
María Frías Céspedes ◽  
Gabriela Barbas ◽  
Andrés Lighezzolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Dengue Outbreak ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
The City

After elimination of the Aedes aegypti vector in South America in the 1960s, dengue outbreaks started to reoccur during the 1990s; strongly in Argentina since 1998. In 2016, Córdoba City had the largest dengue outbreak in its history. In this article we report this outbreak including spatio-temporal analysis of cases and vectors in the city. A total of 653 dengue cases were recorded by the laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses. Case maps were generated from the epidemiological week 1 (beginning of January) to week 19 (mid-May). Dengue outbreak temporal evolution was analysed globally and three specific, high-incidence zones were detected using Knox analysis to characterising its spatio-temporal attributes. Field and remotely sensed data were collected and analysed in real time and a vector presence map based on the MaxEnt approach was generated to define hotspots, towards which the pesticide- based strategy was then targeted. The recorded pattern of cases evolution within the community suggests that dengue control measures should be improved.

scholarly journals Role of Wild Boar in the Spread of Classical Swine Fever in Japan

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ito ◽  
Jurado ◽  
Bosch ◽  
Ito ◽  
Sánchez-Vizcaíno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Potential Contact ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Gifu Prefecture

Since September 2018, nearly 900 notifications of classical swine fever (CSF) have been reported in Gifu Prefecture (Japan) affecting domestic pig and wild boar by the end of August 2019. To determine the epidemiological characteristics of its spread, a spatio-temporal analysis was performed using actual field data on the current epidemic. The spatial study, based on standard deviational ellipses of official CSF notifications, showed that the disease likely spread to the northeast part of the prefecture. A maximum significant spatial association estimated between CSF notifications was 23 km by the multi-distance spatial cluster analysis. A space-time permutation analysis identified two significant clusters with an approximate radius of 12 and 20 km and 124 and 98 days of duration, respectively. When the area of the identified clusters was overlaid on a map of habitat quality, approximately 82% and 75% of CSF notifications, respectively, were found in areas with potential contact between pigs and wild boar. The obtained results provide information on the current CSF epidemic, which is mainly driven by wild boar cases with sporadic outbreaks on domestic pig farms. These findings will help implement control measures in Gifu Prefecture.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever spread across Asia, 2018---2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ward ◽  
Ellen Mighell
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The South ◽  
Start Date ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatio Temporal

African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen causing disease in pigs, commonly characterised by acute haemorrhagic fever. Prior to August 2018, African Swine Fever (ASF) had not been reported in Asia, but has since spread throughout China, Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. Using data collated from reports of confirmed cases, we applied spatio-temporal analysis to describe ASFV spread throughout Asia, from 1 August 2018 (reported start date) to 31 December 2019. Analysis revealed a propagating epidemic of ASFV throughout Asia, with peaks corresponding to increased reports from China, Vietnam and Laos. Two clusters of reported outbreaks were found. During the epidemic, ASFV primarily spread from the North-East to the South-East: a larger, secondary cluster in the North-East represented earlier reports, whilst the smaller, primary cluster in the South-East was characterised by later reports. Significant differences in country-specific epidemics, morbidity, mortality and unit types were discovered, likely attributable to differences in prevention, surveillance and control measures. The initial number of outbreaks and enterprise size are likely predictors of the speed of spread and the effectiveness of ASFV stamping out procedures. Biosecurity methods, wild boar populations and the transportation of pigs and movement of infected fomites are discussed as likely risk factors for facilitating ASFV spread across Asia.

scholarly journals Evaluating Temporal Approximation Methods Using Burglary Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Lukas Oswald ◽  
Michael Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Approximation Methods ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Occurrence Time ◽  
Criminal Intelligence ◽  
Time Stamps ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
The City ◽  
Intelligence Service

Law enforcement is very interested in knowing when a crime has happened. Unfortunately, the occurrence time of a crime is often not exactly known. In such circumstances, estimating the most likely time that a crime has happened is crucial for spatio-temporal analysis. The main purpose of this research is to introduce two novel temporal approximation methods, termed retrospective temporal analysis (RTA) and extended retrospective temporal analysis (RTAext). Both methods are compared to six existing temporal approximation methods and subsequently evaluated in order to identify the method that can most accurately estimate the occurrence time of crimes. This research is conducted with 100,000+ burglary crimes from the city of Vienna, Austria provided by the Criminal Intelligence Service Austria, from 2009–2015. The RTA method assumes that crimes in the immediate past occur at very similar times as in the present and in the future. Historical crimes with accurately known time stamps can therefore be applied to estimate when crimes occur in the present/future. The RTAext method enhances one existing temporal approximation method, aoristicext, with probability values derived from historical crime data with accurately known time stamps. The results show that the RTA method performs superiorly to all other temporal approximation methods, including the novel RTAext method, in two out of the three crime types analyzed. Additionally, the RTAext method shows very good results that are similar to the best performing existing approximation methods.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Solar Energy Potential for Domestic and Agricultural Utilization to Diminish Poverty in Jubek State, South Sudan, Africa

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399
Author(s):  
Adam Juma Abdallah Gudo ◽  
Marye Belete ◽  
Ghali Abdullahi Abubakar ◽  
Jinsong Deng
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Solar Radiation Intensity ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The study aimed to generate informative data on solar radiation in order to establish sustainable solar energy that will support domestic needs and agricultural production and processing industries in Jubek State, South Sudan. Solar radiation intensity, timely data variation, site landscape, and environment were considered. Input data used was remotely sensed data, digital elevation model, land used land cover (LULC) processed with Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). The spatio-temporal distribution analysis results show that (62%) 11,356.7 km2 of the study area is suitable for solar energy farm with an annual potential of about 6.05 × 109 GWh/year out of which only 69.0158 GW h/year is required to meet the local demand of 492,970 people residing in the study area, i.e., 0.11% (1249.2 km2) of Jubek State. Solar energy required for producing and processing 1 ton of different crop ranges between 58.39 × 10−6 and 1477.9 × 10−6 GWh and area size between 10.7 and 306.3 km2, whereas 1 ton of animal production requires solar energy ranging between 750.1 × 10−6 and 8334 × 10−6 GWh and area of about 137.8 to 1531.5 km2. These findings will assist in the establishment of agro-processing industries which will eventually lead to poverty reduction through job creation and improvement of food quantity and quality. The simple approach applied in this study is unique, especially for the study area, thus it can be applied to some other locations following the same steps.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal Analysis of Urban Growth and Its Effects on Wetlands in Rwanda: The Case of Rwampara Wetland in the City of Kigali

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1495-1501
Author(s):  
G. Rwanyiziri ◽  
C. Kayitesi ◽  
M. Mugabowindekwe ◽  
R.V. Byizigiro ◽  
E. Muyombano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
High Population ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Wetland Resources ◽  
The City

This study aimed at analyzing the spatio-temporal patterns of urban growth and its effects on Rwampara wetland, located in the City of Kigali,  Rwanda. First, the study was based on the application of remote sensing technology, where 4 Landsat images (1987, 1999, 2009 & 2018) were  classified using maximum likelihood classification algorithm. This helped in analyzing the Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) trends in the study area. Secondly, it used the existing LULC data for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018 in order to investigate the overall changes in LULC in Kigali City. Finally, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from local people and decision-makers about their past and future management strategies of Rwampara wetland. In this regard, 30 local communities (mainly natives from the study area), 15 local government authorities at sector and district levels as well as 4 senior government authorities in the central administration were interviewed. The findings revealed that over the past 4 decades, urban growth in Kigali City has rapidly increased at the expense of resource degradation in Rwampara wetland. Specifically, there has been an increase of about 77% of the built-up area over the last 31 years (1987-2018) which has led to the decrease of the wetland surface area from 24 ha in 1987 to only 7.7 ha in 2018. The results also revealed that demographic factors (i.e. a high population growth rate and high population  densities) were mainly responsible for urban growth and degradation of wetland resources in the area under investigation. Keywords: urban growth, wetland, wetland resources, wetland degradation, wetland management

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Dengue viral infection in Nepal: 2006-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komal Raj Rijal ◽  
Bipin Adhikari ◽  
Bindu Ghimire ◽  
Binod Dhungel ◽  
Uttam Raj Pyakurel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
First Report ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Dengue Outbreak ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractBackgroundDengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the last 14 years. The main objective of this study was to explore the spatio-temporal epidemiological patterns of Dengue since its first report (2006) till 2019 in Nepal.MethodsThis study is a retrospective analysis of dengue data available from the Epidemiological Disease Control Division (EDCD) of Government of Nepal. The data in this study cover the last 14 years (2006-2019) of reported dengue cases in Nepal. Epidemiological trend and spatio-temporal analyses were performed. Maps of reported case incidence were created using QGIS version 3.4.ResultsSince the first report of dengue in a foreigner in 2004, Nepal reported a total of 17,992 dengue cases in 68 districts of Nepal in 2019. The incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% CI: 1.5 – 15.3) and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; CI: 45.8 – 438.4). Population density was not a statistically significant predictor of case incidence. Mean elevation had a negative association with case incidence. A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; CI: 0.01 – 0.20). However, the association with mean elevation varied across the years. In comparison to 2016, incidence was greater at higher elevations in 2018 (IRR: 22.7; CI: 6.0 - 86.1) and 2019 (IRR: 9.6; CI: 2.6 - 36.1).ConclusionThere is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the Terai region with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics. Findings from this study can inform the spatio-temporal distribution of dengue and can help in resource allocation and priority setting for future epidemic.Author summaryDengue in humans is caused by four different serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 & DENV-4). Globally it is the most pervasive vector borne diseases with increasing number of cases in recent years. Dengue is one of the youngest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing cases and spread from the tropical lowland to the highland (hilly) regions. We conducted a spatio-temporal analysis of national data to consolidate the information using QGIS to measure the dengue incidence at district levels of Nepal. Spatio-temporal analysis exploring the incidence and distribution of dengue cases aids in identification of high-risk areas which can ultimately enable national dengue programme to mobilize and allocate resources for the control and treatment. This study shows, the persistent high risk of dengue outbreak in lowland Terai region with annual rise in the risk of spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond. Urgent measures are required to increase the diagnostics and resources to mitigate the epidemic burden of dengue in Terai and peripheral regions.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
Assoule Dechaicha ◽  
Adel Daikh ◽  
Djamel Alkama
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Landsat Satellite ◽  
Landscape Transformations ◽  
The City

Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.

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