scholarly journals Classifications of runoff and sediment data to improve the rating curve method

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Khaledian ◽  
Homayoun Faghih ◽  
Ata Amini
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Data Classification ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
Sediment Data

In this study, data classification method was evaluated to increase accuracy of estimating suspended sediment load. To achieve this objective, suspended sediment in Chehelgazi and Khalifeh-Tarkhan rivers in Kurdistan, Iran, were estimated using Sediment Rating Curve (SRC) method in three different approaches of data classification. At first, measured data were modeled without classification. Then, data based on flow statues were divided into two series as high and low flow. Eventually, based on sediment concentration, the data were divided into low and high sediment concentration. Long-term runoff and sediment data were used to calibrate rating curve model. The estimated values were compared with recorded data and the performances of these models were evaluated using statistical criteria. The results indicated an effective role of data classification to improve estimating sediment transportation by rating curve method. In one of the stations, it was observed that due to classification based on river flow and sediment concentration, model efficiency was increased about 45% and 28%, respectively. Furthermore, in case of improving efficiency of SRC method, classifying data based on flow statues was found to be more effective than sediment concentration. The results of this study can be used to improve the management of the basin by more accurately estimating the amount of suspended sediments transporting in the rivers draining to reservoirs.

scholarly journals Scale breaks of suspended sediment rating in large rivers in Germany induced by organic matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-678
Author(s):  
Thomas O. Hoffmann ◽  
Yannik Baulig ◽  
Helmut Fischer ◽  
Jan Blöthe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Aquatic Biomass

Abstract. Understanding the transport of suspended sediment and associated nutrients is of major relevance for sustainable sediment management aiming to achieve healthy river systems. Sediment rating curves are frequently used to analyze the suspended sediments and their potential sources and sinks. Here we use more than 750 000 measurements of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) and discharge (Q) collected at 62 gauging stations along 19 waterways in Germany based on the suspended sediment monitoring network of the German water and shipping authority, which started in the 1960s. Furthermore, we analyze more than 2000 measurements of the loss on ignition (LOI) of suspended matter at two stations along the rivers Moselle and Rhine to provide a proxy for the relative contributions of mineral load and organic matter. SSC and LOI are analyzed in terms of the power-law rating curve to identify discharge-dependent controls of suspended matter. Our results indicate that for most studied gauging stations, rating coefficients are not constant over the full discharge range, but there is a distinct break in the sediment rating curve, with specific SSC–Q domains above and below this break. The transition of the rating exponent likely results from increased supply of mineral suspended sediments from hillslope erosion at high flow and a shift of the organic matter sources from aquatic biomass-derived organic matter (i.e., high % LOI) at low flow, to mineral-associated organic matter with low % LOI eroded from hillslopes at higher flow. Based on these findings we developed a conceptual rating model for large (>10 000 km2) and low-turbidity (SSC < 1000 mg L−1) rivers separating the mineral and organic fraction of the suspended matter in German waterways. This model allows evaluating the sources of the mineral and organic fraction of the suspended matter and facilitates new insights into the first-order control of discharge on the quality and quantity of suspended sediments.

Impact of Chelicorophium curvispinum on the concentration-discharge response of suspended sediment in the Rhine River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel van der Perk
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations

&lt;p&gt;In an ongoing study to the decline in suspended sediment concentrations and loads in the Rhine river since the mid-1950s, the temporal changes in the power-law sediment rating curve parameters were examined. This revealed that the rating exponent of the rating curve increased substantially between the early and late 1980s. Until the early 1980s, the ratings curves were relatively flat with values of the rating exponent b varying around 0.2. In the mid-1980s, the exponent suddenly increased to a value between 0.4 and 0.6 and since then has remained within this range. This change in the rating exponent was mainly caused by a decrease in suspended sediment concentrations during low discharges. During high discharges, the suspended sediment concentration initially increased during the late 1980s, but this increase was nullified soon afterwards due to the declining trend in suspended sediment concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sudden increase of the rating exponent coincided with the period that the Ponto-Caspian &lt;em&gt;Chelicorophium curvispinum&lt;/em&gt; (Caspian mud shrimp) invaded the Rhine river basin. This suggests that this suspension-feeder species bears the prime responsibility for this increase, although this hypothesis requires further independent evidence. The sudden increase in the rating exponent does however not manifest itself in the long-term gradual trend of declining suspended sediment concentrations and vice versa. Apparently, the sequestration of sediment by &lt;em&gt;Chelicorophium curvispinum&lt;/em&gt; is only temporary: the suspended sediment sequestered during periods of relatively low discharges is likely remobilised again during periods of high discharge. This implies that the invasion of &lt;em&gt;Chelicorophium curvispinum&lt;/em&gt; has not played a significant role in the decline of suspended sediment concentrations. The precise reasons for the gradual long-term decline in suspended sediment concentration remain yet unknown.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Suspended Sediment Concentration and Sediment Loading of Bernam River (Perak, Malaysia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib ◽  
Syazwani Aliah ◽  
Husna Nabilah Hamidon
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Sediment Loading ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract This paper presents some of our preliminary results on the sediment discharge and load based on weekly sampling starting from Oct 2017 to January 2018. Results show that sediment rating curve of Bernam River was R2 = 0.86 high flow and R2 = 0.5 low flow. Average sediment loading throughout this sampling period is 1,144 t. Land use activity is expected to be the main contribution for the highest sediment concentration during rain events. The amount of annual sediment yield was estimated at 23 t/km2/year and is comparable to other studies having similar land uses in the catchment area.

scholarly journals A Sediment Rating-curve Method to Determine Sediment Discharge for Rainy Season in Micro-scale Watersheds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atikah Sitorus ◽  
Edi Susanto
Keyword(s):  
River Discharge ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
Sediment Data

This research was carried out to overcome the problem of the lack of sediment data available in several watersheds in North Sumatra, the lack of available sediment data is caused by the requirement of a large amount of time, cost and risk to obtain such data. Purpose of this study was to obtain the equation of sediment rating curve. The sediment rating curve is an equation that connects the river discharge with sediment discharge, so that to obtain the sediment discharge, it is enough to use the river discharge data. This research used the descriptive method using the primary (sediment discharge and concentration data) and secondary data (climate data). Result of the study obtained the equation of the sediment rating curve of Qs = 14.115 Q2.2736 and the value of R2 of 0.711. The sediment discharge obtained has exceeded the limit set by the Ministry of Forestry regarding the criteria for determination of watersheds.

scholarly journals Copula-Based Infilling Methods for Daily Suspended Sediment Loads

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
Jenq-Tzong Shiau ◽  
Yu-Cheng Lien
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Conditional Distribution ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Loads ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Sediment Data

Less-frequent and inadequate sampling of sediment data has negatively impacted the long and continuous records required for the design and operation of hydraulic facilities. This data-scarcity problem is often found in most river basins of Taiwan. This study aims to propose a parsimonious probabilistic model based on copulas to infill daily suspended sediment loads using streamflow discharge. A copula-based bivariate distribution model of sediment and discharge of the paired recorded data is constructed first. The conditional distribution of sediment load given observed discharge is used to provide probabilistic estimation of sediment loads. In addition, four different methods based on the derived conditional distribution of sediment load are used to give single-value estimations. The obtained outcomes of these methods associated with the results of the traditional sediment rating curve are compared with recorded data and evaluated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and modified Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (MNSE). The proposed approach is applied to the Janshou station located in eastern Taiwan with recorded daily data for the period of 1960–2019. The results indicate that the infilled sediments by the sediment rating curve exhibit better performance in RMSE and NSE, while the copula-based methods outperform in MAPE and MNSE. Additionally, the infilled sediments by the copula-based methods preserve scattered characteristics of observed sediment-discharge relationships and exhibit similar frequency distributions to that of recorded sediment data.

scholarly journals A new approach for modeling suspended sediment: Evolutionary fuzzy approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgur Kisi
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Clustering ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Sediment Data ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract. This paper proposes the application of evolutionary fuzzy (EF) approach for prediction of daily suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The EF was improved by the combination of two methods, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm. The accuracy of EF models is compared with those of the artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system with fuzzy c-means clustering (ANFIS-FCM). The daily streamflow and suspended sediment data collected from two stations on the Eel River in California, United States are used in the study. Root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and determination coefficient criteria are used for evaluating the accuracy of the models. The EF is found to be superior to the ANN and ANFIS-FCM in SSC prediction. The relative RMSE and MAE differences between the optimal EF and ANN models were found to be 13–50 % and 15–65 % for the upstream and downstream stations, respectively. Comparison of the optimal EF, ANN and ANFIS-FCM models in estimating peak and total suspended sediments revealed that the EF model provided better accuracy than the ANN and ANFIS-FCM.

scholarly journals A new approach for estimation suspended sediment yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lidén
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Daily Series ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
Model Equations

Abstract. A semi-distributed conceptual model, HBV-SED, for estimation of total suspended sediment concentration and yield at the outlet of a catchment was developed and tested through a case study. The base of the suspended sediment model is a dynamic hydrological model, which produces daily series of areal runoff and rainfall for each sub-basin as input to the sediment routine. A lumped measure of available sediment is accumulated continuously based on a linear relationship between log-transformed values of rainfall and erosion, while discharge of suspended sediment at the sub-basin outlet is dependent on runoff and amount of stored available sediment. Four model parameter are empirically determined through calibration against observed records of suspended sediment concentration. The model was applied to a 200 km2 catchment with high altitude differences in the tropical parts of Bolivia, where recorded suspended sediment concentrations were available during a two-year period. 10,000 parameter sets were generated through a Monte Carlo procedure to evaluate the parameter sensitivity and interdependence. The predictability of the model was assessed through dividing the data record into a calibration and an independent period for which the model was validated and compared to the sediment rating curve technique. The results showed that the slope coefficients of the log-transformed model equations for accumulation and release were much stronger than the intercept coefficients. Despite and existing interdependence between the model parameters, the HBV-SED model gave clearly better results than the sediment rating curve technique for the validation period, indication that the supply-based approached has a promising future as a tool for basic engineering applications.

scholarly journals Development and Interpretation of New Sediment Rating Curve Considering the Effect of Vegetation Cover for Asian Basins

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Hiroshi Ishidaira ◽  
Wenchao Sun ◽  
Shaowei Ning
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve

Suspended sediment concentration of a river can provide very important perspective on erosion or soil loss of one river basin ecosystem. The changes of land use and land cover, such as deforestation or afforestation, affect sediment yield process of a catchment through changing the hydrological cycle of the area. A sediment rating curve can describe the average relation between discharge and suspended sediment concentration for a certain location. However, the sediment load of a river is likely to be undersimulated from water discharge using least squares regression of log-transformed variables and the sediment rating curve does not consider temporal changes of vegetation cover. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can well be used to analyze the status of the vegetation cover well. Thus long time monthly NDVI data was used to detect vegetation change in the past 19 years in this study. Then monthly suspended sediment concentration and discharge from 1988 to 2006 in Laichau station were used to develop one new sediment rating curve and were validated in other Asian basins. The new sediment model can describe the relationship among sediment yield, streamflow, and vegetation cover, which can be the basis for soil conservation and sustainable ecosystem management.

scholarly journals Hydroclimatic control on suspended sediment dynamics of a regulated Alpine catchment: a conceptual approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3421-3434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Costa ◽  
Daniela Anghileri ◽  
Peter Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Dynamics ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Rating Curve ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Alpine Catchments ◽  
Erosive Rainfall ◽  
Hydroclimatic Variables

Abstract. We analyse the control of hydroclimatic factors on suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in Alpine catchments by differentiating among the potential contributions of erosion and suspended sediment transport driven by erosive rainfall, defined as liquid precipitation over snow-free surfaces, ice melt from glacierized areas, and snowmelt on hillslopes. We account for the potential impact of hydropower by intercepting sediment fluxes originated in areas diverted to hydropower reservoirs, and by considering the contribution of hydropower releases to SSC. We obtain the hydroclimatic variables from daily gridded datasets of precipitation and temperature, implementing a degree-day model to simulate spatially distributed snow accumulation and snow–ice melt. We estimate hydropower releases by a conceptual approach with a unique virtual reservoir regulated on the basis of a target-volume function, representing normal reservoir operating conditions throughout a hydrological year. An Iterative Input Selection algorithm is used to identify the variables with the highest predictive power for SSC, their explained variance, and characteristic time lags. On this basis, we develop a hydroclimatic multivariate rating curve (HMRC) which accounts for the contributions of the most relevant hydroclimatic input variables mentioned above. We calibrate the HMRC with a gradient-based nonlinear optimization method and we compare its performance with a traditional discharge-based rating curve. We apply the approach in the upper Rhône Basin, a large Swiss Alpine catchment heavily regulated by hydropower. Our results show that the three hydroclimatic processes – erosive rainfall, ice melt, and snowmelt – are significant predictors of mean daily SSC, while hydropower release does not have a significant explanatory power for SSC. The characteristic time lags of the hydroclimatic variables correspond to the typical flow concentration times of the basin. Despite not including discharge, the HMRC performs better than the traditional rating curve in reproducing SSC seasonality, especially during validation at the daily scale. While erosive rainfall determines the daily variability of SSC and extremes, ice melt generates the highest SSC per unit of runoff and represents the largest contribution to total suspended sediment yield. Finally, we show that the HMRC is capable of simulating climate-driven changes in fine sediment dynamics in Alpine catchments. In fact, HMRC can reproduce the changes in SSC in the past 40 years in the Rhône Basin connected to air temperature rise, even though the simulated changes are more gradual than those observed. The approach presented in this paper, based on the analysis of the hydroclimatic control of suspended sediment concentration, allows the exploration of climate-driven changes in fine sediment dynamics in Alpine catchments. The approach can be applied to any Alpine catchment with a pluvio-glacio-nival hydrological regime and adequate hydroclimatic datasets.

scholarly journals Curvas-chave de descargas de sedimentos em suspensão no Baixo São Francisco

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Cavalcanti de Melo ◽  
José Coelho de Araújo Filho ◽  
Renata Maria Caminha Mendes de Oliveira Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Sao Francisco River ◽  
Sediment Loads ◽  
São Francisco River ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations

RESUMOO conhecimento da análise quantitativa das concentrações de sedimentos em suspensão transportados pelo rio São Francisco bem como sua relação com as vazões é de muita importância, pois pode auxiliar na identificação dos efeitos da intervenção humana e ou ocasionados pelas condições naturais da região. As regiões a jusante dos barramentos no rio São Francisco apresentam como principal consequência a regularização das vazões e a diminuição das concentrações de sedimentos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar as curvas-chave de sedimentos em suspensão (CCS) nas estações fluviométricas instaladas no Baixo São Francisco (BSF) após a barragem de Xingó. Para o estabelecimento dessas curvas foram utilizados dados de vazão e concentração de sedimentos em suspensão, obtidos do sistema Hidroweb no site da Agência Nacional da Água (ANA) no período de 1999 a 2018. Foram obtidas CCS para todo o trecho do BSF as quais apresentaram bons coeficientes de determinação. Na análise dos dados também foi possível perceber que nos últimos anos, desde 2013 houve redução gradativa das vazões disponibilizadas na barragem de Xingó. Consequentemente, houve também a redução gradativa das cargas de sedimentos em suspensão geradas nas estações de Piranhas, Traipu e Propriá, ou seja, os menores valores já registrados no BSF correspondendo as menores séries históricas tanto de vazão como de sedimentos em suspensão.  Keys curves of sediment discharges in suspension in the Lower São Francisco A B S T R A C TThe knowledge of the quantitative analysis of suspended sediment concentrations carried by the São Francisco River as well as its relation with the flows is of great importance, since it can help in the identification of the effects of human intervention and/or caused by the natural conditions of the region. In the downstream regions of the São Francisco riverbanks, the main consequence was the regularization of flow rates and the reduction of sediment concentrations. The objective of the research was to determine the key curves of suspended sediments (CCS) at the fluviometric stations installed in the lower São Francisco river after Xingó dam. For the evaluation, flow data and suspended sediment concentration were used. These data were obtained from the Hidroweb system on the website of the National Water Agency (ANA) from 1999 to 2018. CCS were plotted for all stretches and presented good coefficients of determination (R2). Based on the analysis of the data it was also possible to notice that in recent years, since 2013 there has been a gradual reduction of the flows available in the Xingó dam. Consequently, there was also a gradual reduction of suspended sediment loads generated at the Piranhas, Traipu and Propriá stations, that is, the lowest values already recorded in lower São Francisco, corresponding to the lower historical series of both discharge and suspended sediments.Keywords: dam, flow, sediments 

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