Response on Growth and Production of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) on Gibberelin Under Salinity Stress Conditions

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) plants are able to protect the soil from erosion and are tolerant of salinity stress. However, at high salinity levels, vetiver plants show a decreasing growth. The application of gibberelin is expected to increase the growth of vetiver in salinity stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth responsiveness and production of vetiver the application of gibberelin under salinity stress conditions. This research was conducted in the green house of the Faculty of Agiculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. This study used a non-factorial completely randomized design, namely the salinity stress (S) which consisted of 3 levels, each treatment was repeated 3 times, so that 9 treatment combinations were obtained: the concentration of gibberelin was 0 (no treatment), 50 ppm and 100 ppm.

Factors Determining Choice of Conventional Labour Among Yam Producers in Benue State of Nigeria

The present research empirically determined the factors that influenced the choice of combined labour for efficient yam marketable surplus in Benue State of Nigeria. 2016 cropping season cross-sectional data elicited by structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule from a total of 120 farmers chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique was used. The instruments used for data analysis were descriptive and inferential statistics. The empirical evidences showed that decision for choice of efficiently combined labour that is supplemented by paid labour for efficient yam marketable surplus was affected by low yam productivity and low income which largely owed to poor proceeds from product marketing. Gender stereotype due to culture and religious barriers affected women access and control to productive access, thus hinders women active involved in yam entrepreneurship as they cannot carter for paid labour. Thus, it can be inferred that utilization of combined labour was affected by poor yield, gender stereotype and poor economic capital. Therefore, for farmers to be able to harness combined labour efficiently for a good marketable surplus, thus a better wellbeing for farmers, farmers need technical guided on potential yield; provision of buffer stocks for a remunerative price normalization; and, breaking the jinx of gender inequality through tacit sensitization in the studied area.

Analysis of The Cost and Economic Returns in Rice Production in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Low profit from most staple food production in Nigeria, have continued to discourage the teaming unemployed Nigerian youth from taking up farming as a business. Therefore, this study analyzes the cost and economic returns in Ebonyi State rice production. This study made used of simple random sampling techniques to select 242 rice farmers. The study employed the use of structured questionnaire in its primary data collection. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Percentages, Frequency, Standard deviation and Mean), Net Rice Farming Income (NRFI) and Returns/US Dollar Invested (RUSDI). The result from the analysis reveals that rice production is profitable in Ebonyi state. The Net Rice Farming Income (NRFI) obtained by the farmers in Ebonyi state were $900.10 US Dollar per hectare while the return on investment obtained by them were $2.90 US Dollar per hectare. Therefore, unemployed youth in Nigeria should be encourage through provision of rice farming grant or loan by the government. In addition, adequate training on improve technology should be conducted by the government agency for the rice farmers.

The Growth and Development of Non Carcass Organ’s of Bali Cattle

This study aims to determine the pattern of growth and development of non carcass organs in Bali cattle males and females. And this research is expected to provide information to the public and farmers about biological phenomena organ growth and development of non carcass Bali cattle males and females, as well as basic data in making estimates, the production of non carcass organs as well as information for research selanjutnuya. Samples of this research data is withheld Bali cattle (slaughter) in Slaughterhouse Kendari. Observations were carried out on cattle by 28 head with 2-3 years of age and body weight between 90-300 kg. The method used in this research is Huxley allometric equation Y = axb transformed into logarithms log equation is Y = log a + b log x and the real difference test with a test -student, the observed variables is slaughter weight, non carcass weight and the weight of the non carcass parts of Bali cattle male and female as the head, front legs, hind legs, skin, lungs, liver, intestines and stomach. The results showed that the coefficient of growth of non carcass organs (offal) Bali cattle male and female is as follows (b = 0.25 and 0.40). The coefficient of non carcass organ growth clearly different one (p<0.05), which means non carcass weights have time to cook early development when compared to the overall body growth. While the pattern of growth and development of non-organ parts of Bali cattle carcass relative male and female alike, with the growth coefficient b<1. The conclusion of this study is the growth of non carcass organs and parts non organ Bali cattle carcass of males and females have a pattern of rapid growth/early ripe with weight. It is advisable to do further research with a sample of cattle that more and consider cutting in series (serial slaughter) at certain ages

Development Model on Prevention of Land and Forest Fire in the Peat Land Area with Empowerment Society Approach (Case Study in West Kalimantan)

Land fires are an annual agenda in Indonesia, especially in areas covered by peatlands. Peatland management using fire is the main cause. The general paradigm for land fires is that the farmers' economy is low. In fact, the factors that cause land fires are not only from the economic aspect, but from the social and institutional aspects which affect the behavior of farmers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is (1) to analyze the correlation of factors that influence land burning behavior, and (2) to determine the model for the changing of burning behavior into non burning farm land cultivation, in order to prevent land fire in Kuburaya Disrict and Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan. The research involved farmers farming on peatlands in both districts. Regression models was used for the correlation analysis. Based on the results of the regression analysis, a land burning behavior change model was determined based on the influencing factors descriptively. The result of the analysis showed the factors that significantly influence land burning behavior at the household level are knowledge level (consist of farming problems faced by farmers, agricultural extension materials and the application of technology), observance of rules, activeness of mutual assistance, cosmopolitan level, appraisal on burning behavior, and imitation level. The resulting model for changing the behavior of burning land is implementing activity of assistance, social capital stimulus and positive agreements/ pressure to the land users.

The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract Pesticides in Repelling Rice Eating Bird Pests

One of the main problems in rice cultivation is the difficulty of controlling bondol bird (Lonchura punctulata) pest attacks. Bird pest is one of the main enemies of farmers that can reduce crop production. Increasing bird populations cause crop yields to decline. So that one way that can be used in repelling bird pests is by giving pesticides from garlic extract. Allicin is a compound that gives garlic its distinctive smell which repels bird pests. This study aims to determine the effect of the provision of plant-based pesticides from garlic extract in repelling rice-eating bird pests. This research was conducted in Tonasa Village, Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Research implementation methods include the manufacture and testing of pesticides liquid extracts of garlic and application in the field by spraying, this spraying is carried out in the morning, afternoon, and evening before making the observations. Observation parameters use the method of comparing initial observations and final observations observed in the morning, afternoon and evening (comparison method) by conducting initial data collection (without using pesticides) and final data collection (after spraying pesticides), the average number of groups of birds that attack 1 Ha of rice fields. The results obtained on average indicate quite a lot of attacks in a day, especially in the morning. After the use of the automatic repellent method the attacks of bondol bird groups tend to decrease where in the morning ratio of 20 to 33 decreases to 5 to 13 attacks, while the ratio of daytime 8 to 15 decreases to 3 to 7 attacks and the ratio of the evening 19 to 33 decreases to 6 to 12 bird group attacks. So that the administration of garlic extract pesticides is effective in reducing bird pest attacks.

Organoleptic Test of Salted Eggs with Addition of Herbal Plants

The addition of salt and herbal plants such as bay leaf (Eugenia polyantha) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus DC) extacts can extender the shelf life and increase the flavor of the salted eggs. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of eggs produced from using the herbal plants in terms of the organoleptic testing. This research used eggs from laying hens with salted egg making media consisting of rubbing ash plus salt, supplemented with bay leaf (Eugenia polyantha), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus DC), with storage period of 10 days. Organoleptic test results showed that the addition of bay leaves and lemongrass to the production of salted eggs, did not significantly improve the quality of salted eggs produced. The lack of storage time in the egg marinating process led to the incomplete, in salt water absorption into the egg. It is concluded that the addition of bay leaves and lemongrass to the media of making salted chicken eggs did not have a significantly different effect on the organoleptic quality of the salted eggs.

Economic Inequality in Coastal Area of Bengkulu Province

The issue of economic inequality is still a major issue in development in the coastal areas of Bengkulu Province. The region's high economic growth (5.3%) was eroded by the high rate of inflation (5%), the economy grew only 0.3 - 0.5%. The question is whether the decreasing of Bengkulu Province's economic growth due to inflation has contributed to regional economic inequality, on the coast of Bengkulu Province specifically ? The data analysis method used to assess the level of economic inequality is the Williamson Index. The results indicated that the economic growth (Gross Regional Domestic Product - GRDP) in coastal areas was lower than in non-coastal areas. Economic disparities between coastal and non-coastal areas in Bengkulu Province for the 2010-2013 period widened, however inequality in coastal areas was smaller than in non-coastal areas.

Farmers’ Perception about Major Insect Pests of Cucurbits and Their Management

A survey was undertaken in five Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Lamjung District, Nepal from June to August 2018 to investigate major insect pests and their management practices in cucurbits. A total of ninety-five cucurbit growers were selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The study revealed that the major insect pests attacking cucurbits were fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle, aphid, whitefly, epilachna beetle, cucurbit sting bug, cutworm, and blister beetle. The majority of farmers responded that fruit fly was the most prevalent insect pest, followed by aphid and red pumpkin beetle. Most of the farmers used chemical methods, that includes biological, mechanical, and cultural techniques to control the insects. For the mechanical method, they used sex-pheromone traps i.e. cue-lure. Among botanical pesticides, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda), Chinaberry (Melia azedarch), Mugwort (Artemisia spp.) were used. Commonly used insecticides by farmers were Cypermethrin, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Endosulfan. The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides resulted in pest resistance, resurgence, and sometimes outbreak of insect pests. Majority of farmers were using chemical methods to control pests. Apart from this, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was also adopted for good agricultural practices (GAP) to prevent chemical hazards on human health and the environment. To control insect pests, trained farmers should be encouraged to follow the sanitation of fields and protection of natural enemies by avoiding the use of pesticides a long as possible.

Performances Body Dimensions of Bali Cattle of Traditional Livestock in Southeast Sulawesi

This study aims to determine the comparison of body measurements and body weight of male and female Balinese cows. The research was at the Kendari City Slaughterhouse. Measuring 94 Bali cows consisting of 47 males and 47 females aged 1-3 years. Data were analyzed by Student's T-test. The results showed that the average male body weight was 191.30 kg and female 181.98 kg. The average body measurements of male and female Balinese cows are body length (114.11 cm and 110.15 cm), gumba height (111.68 cm and 109.60 cm), chest circumference (149.30 cm and 146.15 cm), front canon bone circumference (14.89 cm and 14.75 cm), rear canon bone circumference (16.67 cm and 16.63 cm). Where there is no significant difference in linear body measurements in the two sexes of cattle (p> 0.05). It was concluded that the linear measurements of the bodies of Balinese male and female cattle from traditional livestock breeding in Sulawesi Sulawesi were relatively uniform. But quantitatively the body measurements of male Bali cattle are relatively higher compared to female Bali cattle.