scholarly journals IV Rapporto del Movimento per la Vita Italiano sulla attuazione della Legge n. 40 del 19 febbraio 2004 per l’anno 2010 Esame e commento della relazione del Ministro della Salute presentato al Parlamento italiano il 28 giugno 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Medically Assisted Procreation ◽  
Assisted Procreation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Il contributo è dato dall’esame e dal commento della Relazione del Ministro della Salute sull’attuazione della Legge 40 del 19 febbraio 2004 “Norme in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita”, presentata, al Parlamento ai sensi dell’art. 15, comma 2 della legge stessa. Il Movimento per la Vita Italiano (MpVI) per valutare i dati di volta in volta riportati nei documenti ministeriali ha finora presentato quattro Rapporti al Parlamento: il primo nel 2007, il secondo nell'aprile 2009, il terzo a luglio 2011 e il quarto – oggetto del presente articolo – nell’agosto 2012. L’attenzione della Relazione ministeriale è rivolta soprattutto alla realizzazione del desiderio degli adulti di avere un figlio, in base allo scopo dichiarato dalla legge di “favorire la soluzione dei problemi riproduttivi derivanti dalla sterilità o dalla infertilità umana”. Perciò la descrizione del percorso seguito dalle varie tecniche e gli incroci tra i vari dati a disposizione fanno riferimento prevalente alla coppia adulta. Tuttavia, si sottolinea nella Rapporto del “MpVI” non si deve sottovalutare l’art. 1 della legge indica l’altro fondamentale obiettivo della legge e cioè quello di: “assicurare i diritti di tutti i soggetti coinvolti compreso il concepito”. I soggetti di cui è doveroso tener conto non sono solo gli adulti desiderosi di avere un figlio, ma anche i figli fin dal primo momento della loro esistenza (proprio l’evento che le nuove tecniche intendono determinare), cioè fin dal momento del concepimento. L’articolato, documentato e ricco Rapporto del MpVI richiama sinteticamente l’impianto della normativa – seriamente alterato dalla sentenza costituzionale 151/2009 – e gli interventi giudiziari che lo riguardano; rimarca con forza la grande differenza – in ordine alla protezione del diritto alla vita – tra la morte dell’embrione dopo il trasferimento nelle vie genitali della donna e la sua soppressione deliberata, diretta, concordata, che avviene quando l’embrione, non trasferito nelle vie genitali della donna viene selezionato, reso oggetto di sperimentazione, distrutto, congelato; contesta la teoria del c.d. “diritto affievolito” con riferimento al diritto alla vita del concepito; si sofferma sulla necessità di rimuovere le cause impeditive della procreazione alternative alla procreazione artificiale (a questo proposito viene segnalata la significativa esperienza dell’Istituto Scientifico Internazionale Paolo VI di ricerca sulla fertilità e infertilità umana operante presso il Policlinico “A. Gemelli” di Roma dal 2003). Infine, il rapporto si conclude con alcune domande e proposte di lavoro rivolte al Ministro della Salute. Non vi è dubbio, comunque, che quella dello statuto giuridico dell’embrione umano non deve essere emarginata nella relazione annuale del Ministro: “se nell’attuazione della L. 40/04 vogliamo raggiungere un adeguato bilanciamento tra l’obiettivo di superare la sterilità e l’infertilità da un lato e il rispetto della vita dall’altro, occorre assolutamente valorizzare il principio dell’art. 1 che qualifica soggetto titolare di diritti il concepito, al pari degli altri soggetti coinvolti nella vicenda procreativa”. ---------- This article is the review and comment of the Report of the Italian Minister of Health on the implementation of Law 40, February 19, 2004 on medically assisted procreation, submitted to the Parliament under article 15 paragraph 2. The Italian Pro-Life Movement (MpVI) to evaluate the data from time to time within ministerial documents has up to now submitted four reports to Parliament: the first in 2007, the second in 2009, the third in July 2011 and the fourth – subject of this article – in August 2012. The Ministerial Report focuses mainly on the realization of the desire of adults to have a child, according to the stated purpose of the law of “helping to resolve problems arising from human sterility or infertility”. Therefore the description of the path followed by various techniques and the connections between the various available data refer mainly to the adult couple. However, it is observed in the Report of the (MpVI), we shouldn’t neglect the article 1 of the Law indicating another key objective of the same Law which is: “to ensure the rights of all subjects involved including the human embryo”. So, the subjects we must take into account are not only the adults longing to have a child, but also the children from the first moment of their existence (just the event that the new techniques intend to be determined), that is, from the moment of conception. The articulated, documented and rich Report MpVI recalls briefly the system of Law – seriously altered by constitutional judgment 151/2009 – and the judicial interventions concerning it; it strongly emphasizes the great difference – as for the protection of the right to life of human embryo – between the death of the embryo after transfer into the genital tracts of women and his deliberate killing, direct, agreed that occurs when the embryo is not transferred to the genital tract of women is selected, but he is destroyed, made the object of experimentation, frozen, selected; it desputes the theory of the so-called “Weakened Law” dealing with the right to life of the unborn child; it focuses on the need to remove the causes hindering human procreation alternative to artificial procreation (in this regard is reported significant experience of the International Scientific Institute Paul VI on research on fertility and infertility human, working at the Policlinico Gemelli in Rome since 2003). Finally, the Report of MpVI concludes with some questions and work proposals addressed to the Minister of Health. There is no doubt, however, that the legal status of the human embryo should not be neglected in the annual Report of the Minister: “if about the implementation of the L. 40/2004 we want to achieve an appropriate balance between the objective of overcoming infertility and infertility on the one hand and respect for life on the other, it is essential to enhance the principle of article 1 that qualifies human embryo subject holder of human rights, like the other subjects involved in the medically assisted procreation”.

scholarly journals Profili giuridici dell’aborto in Irlanda. Peculiarità e prospettive della vicenda irlandese alla luce della legge Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act (2013)

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Great Chance ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Protection Of Life

Dopo vivacissisimi dibattiti e diverse decisioni giudiziarie, il Parlamento irlandese ha approvato nel luglio 2013 la legge sull’aborto Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act (2013) che però non ha fatto cessare le discussioni né sopito le inquietudini. Il contributo, supportato da un’ampia documentazione, si muove contemporaneamente su tre piani: vengono esaminati i profili giuridici (costituzionali, referendari, legislativi e giurisprudenziali) della storia dell’aborto in Irlanda, evidenziando gli aspetti che rendono peculiare la vicenda irlandese rispetto a quella degli altri Paesi europei; affronta la questione dello statuto giuridico dell’embrione umano nell’ordinamento irlandese sia nell’ambito dell’aborto, sia in quello della fecondazione artificiale (diffusa nella prassi e legittimata dalla giurisprudenza); offre interpretazioni e prospettive concrete per tutelare la vita umana sin dal momento della fecondazione in un contesto che, invece, tende a sottrarre la protezione nei primi 14 giorni di vita dell’embrione umano. One of us, l’iniziativa dei cittadini europei, promossa sulla base del Trattato di Lisbona, si presenta come una straordinaria occasione per svolgere un ruolo di contenimento delle possibili derive negative della legge recentemente approvata e per mantenere nella società la consapevolezza che la dignità umana è uguale per tutti gli esseri umani, così tutti, sin dal concepimento, sono titolari del diritto alla vita. I cittadini irlandesi potrebbero confermare con la vastità delle adesioni a “Uno di noi” la stessa volontà manifestata nei referendum del 1983, del 1997 e del 2002: “lo Stato riconosce il diritto alla vita del bambino che deve nascere”. ---------- After several lively debates and judicial decisions, the Irish parliament passed a law on abortion in July 2013 Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act (2013) which, however, has not put an end to the discussion or calmed anxieties. The contribution, supported by extensive documentation, moves simultaneously on three levels: 1. examining the legal aspects (constitutional, referendums, legislation and judicial decisions) of abortion’s history in Ireland highlighting those that make that history unique compared to other European countries; 2. dealing with the question of the legal status of the human embryo into the Irish legal system regarding both abortion, and artificial insemination (widely practiced and legitimized by law); 3. offers interpretations and concrete prospects for protecting human life from the moment of fertilization in a context which, however, tends to deprive human life of protection in the first 14 days of life. One of us, the European citizens’ initiative, promoted on the basis of the Treaty of Lisbon, is presented as an extraordinary opportunity to play a role in limiting the possible negative tendencies of the law recently passed and to maintain awareness in society that human dignity is the same for all human beings. So everyone, from conception, is entitled to the right to life. In particular, One of us gives Irish citizens the great chance to confirm the same desire expressed in the referenda of 1983, 1992 and 2002 – “The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn child” – by signing in great numbers the “One of Us” citizen’s initiative.

scholarly journals The Right of the Employee to an Invention Created in the Process of Labor Relations. (In Accordance With the Georgian - German Patent Legislation)

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-167
Author(s):  
Miranda Gurgenidze ◽  
◽  
Tamaz Urtmelidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
German Patent ◽  
National Patent ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Creative activity, which ends with the creation of intellectual property objects, are mostly carried out by individuals employed in various private sectors or scientists working in higher education/research institutions. Therefore, the question who is the owner of the intellectual property object (invention), employee/inventor, whose direct participation with and usage of intellectual labor, the object was created by, or the employer, whose material technical base, experience and the other resources were used to create the invention, does not lose relevance. Georgia belongs to the continental, i.e. Romano-Germanic legal system. Modern Georgian intellectual property law has undergone a very interesting path of development since the restoration of independence. It should be noted that Georgia is the first country from the former Soviet republics to establish a national patent agency in 1992 (12,246). In this article, the authors focus on the basic regulations of Georgian and German patent law that regulate the ownership of an invention created by employees. As it is known, in Georgia the issue is resolved by the „Patent Law“, while in Germany, in addition to the patent law, there is an „Employee Inventions Act“. The scientific article consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. The introduction presents the urgency of the legal problem. The main part, on the one hand, discusses the legal status of inventions created by employees, gives the relationship between patent law and labor law on this issue (on the example of Georgian legislation) and, on the other hand, the authors analyze the German ,,Employee Inventions Act“, which we find a detailed arrangement of an issue of interest to us in. The law is structured in such a way that the balance between the interests of the employee and the employer is maximally maintained, the rule of compensation is provided, a distinction is made between service and free inventions, and ways of resolving disputes between the parties are provided. The legal basis for arbitration is in the foreground. There is also a court of law under the jurisdiction of which these disputes are considered.

scholarly journals II Rapporto sullo stato di attuazione della Legge 40/2004 recante “Norme in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita” anche in confronto con le altre nazioni europee (aprile 2009)

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Present Report ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Medically Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Il contributo propone all’attenzione il II Rapporto sull’applicazione della legge italiana in materia di “procreazione medicalmente assistita” (PMA) (Legge 40/2004), elaborato nell’aprile 2009 all’indomani della quarta relazione ministeriale del 25 marzo 2009 sullo stesso tema. La particolarità del presente Rapporto consiste nell’indagare su uno dei due obiettivi della legge 40/2004: tutelare il diritto alla vita del concepito. Infatti, mentre è alta la concentrazione sull’obiettivo di “superare la sterilità e la infertilità”, lo scopo di difendere il diritto alla vita del concepito considerato dalla stessa legge “soggetto” al pari degli altri soggetti coinvolti nelle procedure di PMA, è troppo spesso dimenticato. Il Rapporto vuole proprio rimediare a tale dimenticanza e si chiede: di quanti nuovi esseri umani è stata evitata la distruzione per effetto della legge? Poiché, come si legge nel contributo, è chiaro che le tecniche di PMA per il fatto stesso di procreare “in vitro” espongono alla morte gli embrioni anche quando vengono trasferiti nelle vie genitali della donna (ed è questa, infatti, una delle principali riserve etiche nei confronti delle tecniche di PMA), l’indagine si occupa solo di vedere come è stato tutelato il diritto alla vita degli embrioni non trasferiti, cioè non destinati alla nascita, dalla Legge 40/2004. Emerge che l’effetto più benefico della legge è quello di aver evitato nel solo triennio 2005-2006-2007 la possibile formazione soprannumeraria di embrioni e la conseguente possibile distruzione, diretta o dovuta alla crioconservazione, di oltre 120.000 embrioni. La seconda parte della ricerca è condotta confrontando anche i dati di altri Paesi europei e dimostra che il rispetto dei limiti posti a tutela del diritto alla vita hanno anche garantito meglio la salute della donna e non hanno diminuito la percentuale del “successo”. Come è noto la recente sentenza n. 151/2009 della Corte Costituzionale ha gravemente compromesso la legge proprio nel punto di maggiore sensibilità nei confronti della tutela concreta del diritto alla vita del concepito. L’auspicio è che i dati raccolti in questo II rapporto vengano comunque presi in seria considerazione. ---------- The contribution proposes the II Report of April 2009 on the application of the Italian Law on “medically assisted reproduction” (PMA) (Law 40/2004). The peculiarity of the present Report consists of investigating one of the two purposes of the Law 40/2004: to protect the right to life of newborns. In fact, if, on one hand, attention to the purpose of “overcoming sterility and infertility” the Law considers, on the other hand the purpose of defending the right to life of newborn, that is considered as “subject” just like the others subjects involved in PMA procedures from the same law, is too often forgotten. The Report intends to remedy for this forgetfulness and it asks: how many new human beings have been saved thanks to the Law? It makes clear that the most beneficent effect of the Law is that, in the period 2005-2007, it has avoided the possible production of excess embryos and the consequent possible suppression – direct or due to the cryoconservation – of over 120.000 embryos. The second part of the search is conducted also comparing data of other European Countries and it shows that the respect of the imposed limits for protecting the right to life has also guaranteed the woman’s health and it has not reduced the outcome percentage.

scholarly journals AGREEMENT OF THE WILLS FROM THE CONTRACTUAL PARTIES AS ONE OF THE CONDITIONS TO MAKE A DEAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1953-1957
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Patoska
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Theoretical Structure ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Law ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Every agreement of the wills among two or more persons who make mutual law relation or changes or calls of the existing law relation is named as a contrast in the theory of law. According its characteristics, the law relations may be different - obligatorious, familliarious, hereditorious, administrativ, merchanditorious etc., because of what the contracts as instruments of law regulations of that relationships are published in different law branches, like: familly law, heretige law, administrative law, merchandise law etc. Regarding its theoretical structure and frequent use and meaning in the law practice, the obligatory contracts are separated - those which may make obligatory relationships.The obligatory relationships are law connection among two or more parties from which one of them has the right to ask for, and the other is obligated to give the asked or to do, or not to do, or to bear it. The essence of the obligatory relation is in the right of the creditor to ak from the debtor to fulfille his obligation, which means - basicly - they are in creditor - debtor's relationships. Therefore, the obligatory contracts are double law acts according to which, in the agreement of the wills between two parties, the one part obeys to give something, to do or not to do something, or to bear something in the benefit of the other part, the part which takes that obligation as its right.The agreement of the wills of the contractual parties is one of the four common conditions of the genezes of a contract. It is realized by equality of the different whishes and different aims which the parties like to reach by making an agreement. There are the questions which I am trying to answer in my written text: about law relevant will, the atributes which the will should possesse, the ways of giving the will and, at the end, coordinating the wills of the two parts which goes to make the contact. The coordinating of the wills should be done on a legalized or usual way, frequently or usually by giving an offer from the first part and reaching the offer from the other one. That is the most usual mode of implementation the reunification of the wills between the contractual parts.

scholarly journals Analytical Exposition of 'Right to Life' with Reference to Judicial Decisions in Pakistan and India

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Sunbal Islam Chaudhary ◽  
Bakhtawar Manzoor ◽  
Gul Sher Butt
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The right to life is an integral right which basically is a necessary requisite to enjoy other rights. This paper begins with an overview of the basic and essential right in which the meaning of life is analyzed and then focuses on how the right to life gains importance in every legislative document and world's perspective to enhance its scope and also its application. On the one hand, this paper analyses the inviolable nature of this fundamental right, but on the flip side, it focuses on the non-absoluteness of this right. Moreover, this article discusses landmark cases decided by the Indian and Pakistani judiciary, which encompass such utilities and facilities that naturally a free-born person in a sovereign country is entitled to enjoy, but all such amenities are subjected to the law of their lands.

scholarly journals Secular and Theological Education: Interaction or Confrontation?

2005 ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
Vitaliy I. Docush ◽  
Ya. Poznyak
Keyword(s):  
Theological Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Secular Education ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Church

If we analyze our legislation in detail, we can see that there are so-called “legal scissors”. On the one hand, the law guarantees freedom by equalizing the rights of all citizens of the state (Article 24 of the Constitution), and on the other - leaves believers outside the legal field (Article 35 of the Constitution and Article 6 of the Law of Ukraine "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious organizations ") declaring separation from the church. It should be noted that even the Law on Education does not guarantee the right to receive alternative (not secular) education for children of believers, regardless of their affiliation with a religious organization, in educational institutions. It should also be noted that even in the years of Ukraine's independence, the issue of granting theological education a proper status that would equate it to secular rights has not yet been resolved. Again, the principle is the separation of the school and the church. Here are some questions.

Problems of Legal Status of Other Persons in the Framework of Judicial Acts Review on Newly Discovered or New Circumstances

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
S. T. Bagylly ◽  
◽  
S. I. Knyazkin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The article considers the institution of other persons in the proceedings for the review of judicial acts on newly discovered or new circumstances. The positions of scientists on who can act as other persons who have the right to apply to the Institute of revision are analyzed. Some examples of false reasons for these individuals to apply for review have been identified. An attempt is made to develop proposals aimed at clarifying the provisions of legislation on the opportunities of such entities to protect their rights on the one hand and on the other hand not to create unnecessary burden on the work of courts by unfair procedural behavior.

The Recognition of Foreign Divorces in Ireland: The Return of Travers v. Holley

2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hill
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Law ◽  
Western European ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Over the course of the last hundred and fifty years or so the general trend in the laws of Western European countries has been, first, to make provision for judicial divorce and, second, to make it easier for parties to a marriage which has broken down to obtain such a divorce. This coupled with increased mobility has added to the significance of the law relating to the recognition of foreign divorces. The law's essential task is to strike the right balance between, on the one hand, being too restrictive, thereby creating “limping” marriages (i.e., marriages which are valid in one or more countries, but not others) and, on the other, being too generous, thereby sanctioning “quickie” divorces or divorces of convenience.1

scholarly journals AESTHETICS OF SHOCKS IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT EVERYDAY LIFE

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Tarnashynska
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Albert Camus ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
The One ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Right

Everyday life – regardless of its geographical status – has different dimensions: on the one hand, it is a routine, and on the other hand, it is an attempt to escape from it, to create at least some holiday. In the context of current everyday life, it makes sense to look at its other side: everyday life as stress, affectation of consciousness, etc. It is interesting to observe how the aesthetics of the shock, brought to Ukrainian literature, in particular, by the realities of the 1990s, is modified and filled with new meanings literally before our eyes, and how modern times deform human consciousness, herewith changing the «curve» of surrealism. This is about a phenomenon of the global world – a pandemic as a new experience that has actualized the issue of coexistence and co-responsibility. Experience, preventively studied through fiction and cinema (if «The Plague» by Albert Camus is about the past, then the «The Eyes of Darkness» dystopia by Dean Koontz is about the lethal microorganism «Wuhan 400» in the 1989 edition, which was called «Gorki-400» in the original 1981 version and is a warning fromthe past), now needs a new understanding. After A. Camus’s «The Plague,» one can also appeal to books on the same pandemic theme that have not yet been translated into Ukrainian: for example, Karel Čapek’s play «The White Plague» (1937), «The Steel Spring» by Swedish writer Per Wahlöö (1968), as well as «Blind Faith» dystopia by Ben Elton (2007), where the action takes place in the near future against the background of constant epidemics, and the research focuses on the current topic of vaccination. As a sensitive tool, literature received the reinterpreted theme of ageism for artistic reflection (one can find striking consonance, say, in Japanese literature, in particular in «The Ballad of Narayama» novel by Shichirō Fukazawa), as well as the theme of discrimination on other grounds and social inequality; the theme of a person endowed with power/opportunities and his/her choice to give or not to give the right to life to another; the topic of the area of personal/collective responsibility, boundaries of openness/closedness of societies, as well as the topic of the limit of pragmatism/rationalism, the limits/depth of cynicism. That is, it is about actualizing the presumption of the right to life, the preservation of humanity, which problematizes the other/different content of old, eternal plots of Ukrainian and world literature.

scholarly journals THE RIGHT TO MOTHERHOOD AND PATERNITY AS PERSONAL NON-PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE SPOUSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
S. Chernik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

The article reveals the essence of one of the main personal non-property laws of spouses, enshrined in family law – the law to motherhood and fatherhood. It is noted that there is no definition of «motherhood» and «fatherhood» in the legislation. The definitions of the concepts «law to motherhood» and «law to fatherhood» proposed in the scientific legal literature are studied and generalized. The exercise of the law to motherhood and fatherhood is linked to the reproductive function of women and men, and it is important that they fulfill the social functions that arise in connection with the birth of a child. The constituent elements of the law to motherhood are considered. A woman has the law to pregnancy and health care during pregnancy and childbirth, the provision of qualified medical care in accredited health care facilities, partner childbirth. It has been found that the most controversial issue is a woman’s law to refuse to have a child, which includes a woman’s voluntary refusal to have children or abortion. The abortion procedure in Ukraine is regulated by law. However, the problem of determining the legal status of the embryo is quite complex and needs to be studied. The approaches to determining the moment of the beginning of protection of human life offered in legal science, namely: absolutist, liberal and gradualistic (moderate) are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the moral aspect of the problem of abortion. It is noted that a woman decides on the issue of abortion on her own, while such a law is not assigned to a man. It is stated that the law to paternity is closely related to the law to maternity and consists of three powers: the husband decides whether or not to have a child, may demand not to prevent him from exercising such a law and to defend parental laws in court.

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