scholarly journals Normative measures of hip strength and relation to previous injury in collegiate cross-country runners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nathan Vannatta ◽  
Thomas W. Kernozek
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Ncaa Division Iii ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hip Strength ◽  
Previous Injury ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Cross Country Runners

Abstract Context: Running related injury occurs frequently in collegiate cross-country runners. Hip strength is one factor that may be important in the rehabilitation and training of cross-country runners. However, no normative values exist to inform these strategies. Objective: Establish normative values for hip abduction and external rotation isometric strength in collegiate cross-country runners and explore the association between strength and previous injury. Design: Mixed methods using descriptive epidemiology and retrospective cross-sectional designs. Setting: University Laboratory Patients or Other Participants: Eighty-two NCAA Division III cross-country runners (38 males, 44 females) participated in this study. Main Outcome Measure(s): Isometric hip strength and reported injury Results: Males demonstrated greater absolute hip strength than females. Measures of hip strength were not different between sexes when normalized to height and mass. Hip abduction asymmetry was associated with previous injury in males. A combination of at least one leg with hip abduction weakness and bilateral external rotation weakness was associated with previous injury in females. Conclusions: Knowledge of normative values of hip strength may help inform rehabilitation strategies in collegiate cross-country runners. Males and females may demonstrate differing strength profiles following running related injury.

Relationship between Hip Strength and Trunk Motion in College Cross-Country Runners

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEVIN R. FORD ◽  
JEFFERY A. TAYLOR-HAAS ◽  
KATLIN GENTHE ◽  
JASON HUGENTOBLER
Keyword(s):  
Hip Strength ◽  
Trunk Motion ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Cross Country Runners

scholarly journals Passive Hip Range-of-Motion Values Across Sex and Sport

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 560-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Hogg ◽  
Randy J. Schmitz ◽  
Anh-Dung Nguyen ◽  
Sandra J. Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hip Range Of Motion ◽  
Cross Country

Context:  Greater passive hip range of motion (ROM) has been associated with greater dynamic knee valgus and thus the potential for increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Normative data for passive hip ROM by sex are lacking. Objective:  To establish and compare passive hip ROM values by sex and sport and to quantify side-to-side differences in internal-rotation ROM (ROMIR), external-rotation ROM (ROMER), and total ROM (ROMTOT). Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Station-based, preparticipation screening. Patients or Other Participants:  A total of 339 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes, consisting of 168 women (age = 19.2 ± 1.2 years, height = 169.0 ± 7.2 cm, mass = 65.3 ± 10.2 kg) and 171 men (age = 19.4 ± 1.3 years, height = 200.0 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 78.4 ± 12.0 kg) in 6 sports screened over 3 years: soccer (58 women, 67 men), tennis (20 women, 22 men), basketball (28 women, 22 men), softball or baseball (38 women, 31 men), cross-country (18 women, 19 men), and golf (6 women, 10 men). Main Outcome Measure(s):  Passive hip ROM was measured with the athlete lying prone with the hip abducted to 20° to 30° and knee flexed to 90°. The leg was passively internally and externally rotated until the point of sacral movement. Three measures were averaged for each direction and leg and used for analysis. We compared ROMIR, ROMER, ROMTOT (ROMTOT = ROMIR + ROMER), and relative ROM (ROMREL = ROMIR − ROMER) between sexes and among sports using separate 2 × 6 repeated-measures analyses of variance. Results:  Women had greater ROMIR (38.1° ± 8.2° versus 28.6° ± 8.4°; F1,327 = 91.74, P < .001), ROMTOT (72.1° ± 10.6° versus 64.4° ± 10.1°; F1,327 = 33.47, P < .001), and ROMREL (1.5° ± 16.0° versus −7.6° ± 16.5°; F1,327 = 37.05, P < .001) than men but similar ROMER (34.0° ± 12.2° versus 35.8° ± 11.5°; F1,327 = 1.65, P = .20) to men. Cross-country athletes exhibited greater ROMIR (37.0° ± 9.3° versus 30.9° ± 9.4° to 33.3° ± 9.5°; P = .001) and ROMREL (5.9° ± 18.3° versus −9.6° ± 16.9° to −2.7° ± 17.3°; P = .001) and less ROMER (25.7° ± 7.5° versus 35.0° ± 13.0° to 40.2° ± 12.0°; P < .001) than basketball, soccer, softball or baseball, and tennis athletes. They also displayed less ROMTOT (62.7° ± 8.1° versus 70.0° ± 9.1° to 72.9° ± 11.9°; P < .001) than basketball, softball or baseball, and tennis athletes. Conclusions:  Women had greater ROMIR than men, resulting in greater ROMTOT and ROMREL. Researchers should examine the extent to which this greater bias toward ROMIR may explain women's greater tendency for dynamic knee valgus. With the exception of cross-country, ROM values were similar across sports. The clinical implications of these aberrant cross-country values require further study.

scholarly journals Relationships between Hip Flexibility and Pitching Biomechanics in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell L. Albiero ◽  
Wesley Kokott ◽  
Cody Dziuk ◽  
Janelle A. Cross
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Kinematic Chain ◽  
Abduction Angle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Abstract Context: Inadequate hip active range of motion (AROM) may stifle the energy flow through the kinematic chain and decrease pitching performance while increasing the risk for pitcher injury. Objective: To examine the relationship of hip AROM and pitching biomechanics during a fastball pitch in adolescent baseball pitchers. Design: Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: A voluntary sample of 21 adolescent baseball pitchers (16.1 ± 0.8 yrs.; 183.9 ± 5.2 cm; 77.9 ± 8.3 kg). Main Outcome Measure (s): Bilateral hip internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), flexion, extension, and abduction AROM were measured. Three-dimensional biomechanics were assessed as participants threw from an indoor pitching mound to a strike zone net at regulation distance. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine correlations between hip AROM and biomechanical metrics. Results: Statistically significant negative correlations were found at foot contact between back hip ER AROM and back hip abduction angle (p=0.030, r=−0.474), back hip ER AROM and torso rotation angle (p=0.032, r=−0.468),and back hip abduction AROM and lead hip abduction angle (p=0.037, r=−0.458). Back hip extension AROM was positively correlated with increased stride length (p=0.043, r=0.446). Lead hip abduction AROM was also positively correlated with normalized elbow varus torque (p=0.034, r=0.464). Conclusions: There were several relationships between hip AROM and biomechanical variables during the pitching motion. The findings support the influence hip AROM can have on pitching biomechanics. Overall, greater movement at the hips allows for the kinematic chain to work at its maximal efficiency, increasing pitch velocity potential.

Changes in Achilles’ Tendon Cross-sectional Area in Collegiate Cross-country Runners Across a Competitive Season

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
Katy Neves ◽  
A Wayne Johnson ◽  
Joseph William Myrer ◽  
Coulter Neves ◽  
Jarom Bridges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Cross Country Runners

Runner’s Health Choices Questionnaire: Male College Cross-Country Runners’ Perspectives on Health and Eating

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Laurie Stickler ◽  
Hayley Hall ◽  
Barb Hoogenboom
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Male College ◽  
Health Choices ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Cross Country Runners

Context: Competitive cross-country runners train at much higher loads and with greater demands than recreational runners, posing a unique set of physiological and psychological challenges. Thus, identification of factors influencing health and nutritional choices in male cross-country runners is needed to help combat energy-related health issues. Purpose: To assess male college cross-country runners’ perspectives regarding sport-related health and the factors impacting their eating behaviors. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Participants/Methods: The Runner’s Health Choices Questionnaire was distributed to male college cross-country runners. Responses were analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistics. Results: One hundred nineteen runners completed the survey. Runners reported a diverse range of factors impacting eating and health behaviors from athletic performance enhancement to enjoyment of food. Less than 6% of athletes ranked athletic trainer, registered dietitian, or physician as often consulted for nutrition/health information. However, 75% of runners said they would be somewhat likely or very likely to make dietary or health changes if given new or additional information by a health care provider. Conclusion: Male cross-country runners appear to try to balance a global desire to be healthy with individual preferences. Athletes may be receptive to nutritional education that utilizes a biopsychosocial model with mental and psychological health support, and intentional effort is needed to support runners’ overall health.

The Relationship Between Hip Strength and the Y Balance Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Wilson ◽  
Kaley E. Robertson ◽  
Jeremy M. Burnham ◽  
Michael C. Yonz ◽  
Mary Lloyd Ireland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Hip Strength ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Abduction Strength

Context: The Y Balance Test was developed as a test of dynamic postural control and has been shown to be predictive of lower-extremity injury. However, the relationship between hip strength and performance on the Y Balance Test has not been fully elucidated. Objective: The goal of this study was to identify the relationship between components of isometric hip strength and the Y Balance Test, to provide clinicians better guidance as to specific areas of muscle performance to address in the event of poor performance on the Y Balance Test. Design: Laboratory study. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: A total of 73 healthy participants (40 males and 33 females) volunteered for this study. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed the Y Balance Test on the right leg. The authors then measured peak isometric torque in hip external rotation, abduction, and extension. Correlations were calculated between torque measurements, normalized for mass and Y Balance Test performance. Significant relationships were used in linear regression models to determine which variables were predictive of the Y Balance Test performance. Results: The authors found significant positive correlations between Y Balance Test performance and hip abduction strength. They also found correlations between the Y Balance Test and hip extension and external rotation strengths. Linear regression analysis showed hip abduction to be the only significant predictor of Y Balance performance. Conclusions: The authors found the strongest association between the Y Balance Test and hip abduction strength. They also showed smaller but significant associations with hip extension and external rotation strength. When entered into a linear regression analysis, hip abduction strength was the only significant predictor of Y Balance performance. Using this information, practitioners should look to hip abduction strength when patients exhibit deficits in the Y Balance Test.

scholarly journals Glenohumeral and Hip Range-of-Motion and Strength Measures in Youth Baseball Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 466-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey J. Picha ◽  
Josie L. Harding ◽  
Kellie C. Huxel Bliven
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hip Strength ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
Hip Internal Rotation

Context: The repetitive demands of throwing affect glenohumeral (GH) range of motion (ROM) and strength. Less is known about hip alterations in skeletally immature athletes. Objective: To compare GH and hip ROM and strength between age, position, and side of youth baseball athletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Multicenter testing. Patients or Other Participants: Seventy-two healthy baseball athletes. Participants' self-reported characteristics were age group (7−11 years [n = 28] or 12−18 years [n = 44]), position (pitcher [n = 22], position player [n = 47], unreported [n = 3]), and side (throwing or nonthrowing arm, lead or stance leg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Bilateral GH and hip internal- and external-rotation ROM were measured passively and summed for total arc of motion (TAM). Glenohumeral and hip rotation and gluteus medius strength were measured. Analyses included linear mixed models. Results: Glenohumeral internal rotation was less in throwing than in nonthrowing arms (P < .05) except in younger pitchers (P = .86). Compared with older athletes, younger athletes had more GH external rotation (103.3° ± 7.7° versus 97.5° ± 9.4°; P = .002), TAM (156.4° ± 8.7° versus 147.9° ± 10.9°; P = .04), and external rotation in throwing compared with nonthrowing arms (101.9° ± 1.2° versus 97.9° ± 1.1°; P < .001). Glenohumeral TAM was less in throwing than in nonthrowing arms (150.5° ± 2.1° versus 154.9° ± 1.3°; P = .01). Younger athletes had more hip internal rotation (38.9° ± 6.8° versus 31.2° ± 7.5°; P < .001) and TAM (68.4° ± 10.0° versus 60.7° ± 9.8°; P = .001) than older athletes. Lead-leg hip internal-rotation ROM was greater than in the stance leg (34.8° ± 8.9° versus 32.8° ± 7.7°; P = .01). Overall, older players were stronger than younger players (P < .05), and the throwing arm was stronger in internal rotation than the nonthrowing arm (10.12 ± 3.72 lb [4.59 ± 1.69 kg] versus 9.43 ± 3.18 lb [4.28 ± 1.44 kg]; P = .047). Conclusions: Youth baseball athletes had typical GH ROM adaptations of less internal rotation and more external rotation in the throwing versus the nonthrowing arm. Greater ROM in younger athletes may be explained by prepubertal characteristics. We obtained hip-strength values in youth baseball athletes, and as expected, older athletes were stronger.

Effects of Examiner Strength on Reliability of Hip-Strength Testing Using a Handheld Dynamometer

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Krause ◽  
Mathew D. Neuger ◽  
Kimberly A. Lambert ◽  
Amanda E. Johnson ◽  
Heather A. DeVinny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Strength Testing ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Hip Strength ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Hip Muscles ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
Hip Extension

Context:Hip-muscle impairments are associated with a variety of lower-extremity dysfunctions. Accurate assessment in the clinical setting can be challenging due to the strength of hip muscles relative to examiner strength.Objective:To examine the influence of examiner strength and technique on manual hip-strength testing using a handheld dynamometer.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:30 active adults (age 24 ± 1.4 y).Interventions:Three examiners of different strength performed manual muscle tests (MMT) in 2 different positions for hip extension, abduction, and external rotation using a MicroFet handheld dynamometer. Examiner strength was quantified via a 1-repetition-maximum leg press and chest press with a Keiser A420 pneumatic resistance machine.Main Outcome Measures:Intrarater reliability (ICC3,1), interrater reliability (ICC2,1), and measured torque values.Results:Intrarater reliability for all measurements ranged from .82 to .97. Interrater reliability ranged from .81 to .98. Main effects for hip extension revealed a significant difference in torque values between examiners and between techniques. For the short-lever hip-abduction and seated hip-external-rotation tests, there was a significant difference between examiners. There was no significant difference in measured torque values between examiners with the long-lever hip-abduction or the prone hip-external-rotation tests.Conclusions:MMT of the hip may be performed with high reliability by examiners of different strength. To obtain valid MMT measurements of hip muscles, examiners must consider their own strength and testing techniques employed. The authors recommend a long-lever technique for hip abduction and a prone position for testing hip external rotation to minimize the influence of examiner strength. Both positions appear to provide mechanical advantages to the examiner compared with the alternative techniques. The authors are unable to recommend a preferred hip-extension-testing technique to minimize the influence of examiner strength.

scholarly journals Quality of Knee Strengthening Exercises Performed at Home Deteriorates After One Week

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike H. Mitchell ◽  
Hyunwook Lee ◽  
Hayden E. Dennis ◽  
Matthew K. Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
High Speed ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Straight Leg Raise

Abstract Background: To compare the performance (as determined by lower extremity kinematics) of knee exercises in healthy middle-aged and older individuals immediately after instruction and one week later. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in a laboratory setting. Nineteen healthy volunteers (age [y] 63.1 ± 8.6, mass [kg] 76.3 ± 14.7, height [m] 1.7 ± 0.1) participated in this study. High speed video and reflective markers were used to track motion during four exercises. The exercises were knee flexion, straight leg raise, and “V“ in supine position, and hip abduction in side lying position. All participants received verbal and tactile cues during the training phase and the therapist observed and, if necessary, corrected the exercises. Upon return a week later the participants performed the same exercises without any further instructions. Knee and hip sagittal and rotational angles were extracted from the motion capture. A repeated measures t-test was used to compare the motions between two visits. Results: Participants demonstrated more knee flexion during straight leg raise and “V in” exercises at the 2nd visit compared to the 1st visit (both p < 0.05). During the “V out” exercise, they performed more external rotation (p < 0.05) while they showed more internal rotation during the “V in” exercise at the 2nd visit compared to the 1st visit. Conclusions: Exercise performance declined significantly in healthy middle-aged and older individuals one week after instruction. This decline occurred despite an instructional exercise sheet being given to every participant. Improper execution of exercise programs might prolong the rehabilitation time and increase levels of pain and impairment unnecessarily.

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