scholarly journals A CASE-BASED URBAN MICROCLIMATE VARIETY CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE: FINISHING MATERIALS AND SHADING IN URBAN DESIGN.

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Nagore Urrutia del Campo ◽  
Olatz Grijalba Aseguinolaza ◽  
Agustín Hernández Aja
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Urban Microclimate ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Variety Classification ◽  
Microclimate Conditions ◽  
Thermal Level

This research work focuses on the study of microclimate conditions of two squares of Madrid, a city with a considerable Urban Heat Island. The process includes field measurements of the surface and radiant temperatures of materials on buildings façades, pavements and urban furniture. Air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and direction were also measured. A virtual 3D model was used for sun exposure and solar radiation simulations. The urban microclimate regulation capacity of the finishing materials and shading are numerically defined. Considering the results obtained from measurements and simulations, a procedure for open spaces’ microclimate variety classification and identification is proposed: An approach to describe the thermal level for open spaces, in order to help the urban designers and planners to provide high microclimate variety for the users to meet their difference thermal demand. This is a key element to identify environmental quality and to obtain thermal comfort.

scholarly journals Climate Adaptive Design Index for the Built Environment (CADI-BE): An Assessment System of the Adaptive Capacity to Urban Temperatures Increase

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4630
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bassolino ◽  
Maria Cerreta
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Adaptive Design ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Urban Heat

In a scenario in which the climate changes subject urban centres and large cities to high levels of environmental vulnerability and criticality underway, it is evident the need to define operational and straightforward decision-making tools capable of prefiguring and verifying the effectiveness of urban transformation climate-adaptive regeneration processes. The Climate Adaptive Design Index for the Built Environment (CADI-BE) tool has been developed to assess the adaptive capacity and level of performance of open urban spaces to the stresses due to the increase in global average temperatures. The repercussions of these phenomena cause the occurrence of heatwaves and the urban heat island effect (UHI), bringing out the inability of cities to cope with changes in the climate, making urban open spaces unlivable and no longer the ideal habitat for everyday life and social interactions.

Study on Drive Characteristic of Multi–Rope Friction Winder Using Functional Virtual Prototyping

2009 ◽  
Vol 628-629 ◽  
pp. 305-310
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Guo Ding Chen ◽  
J.S. Li ◽  
Y.J. Xue
Keyword(s):  
Software Package ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Virtual Work ◽  
Virtual Prototyping ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Virtual Work Principle ◽  
Nodal Method ◽  
Hoisting System ◽  
Dynamics Characteristic

The main objective of this study was to model and simulate a reduced three-dimensional (3D) model for researching the hoisting system of a Multi – rope Friction Winder. By introducing the relative nodal method, the simplified dynamic equations have been derived via the virtual work principle and validated on a virtual prototype with the RecurDyn software package. Kinematics and dynamics characteristic date are obtained by computer-aided dynamic simulation of virtual Multi – rope friction winder. The result is in accord with theoretical analysis. The research work will provide a powerful tool and useful method for the design of economic and credible elevator system. The approach can be generalized to analysis other flexible drive fields.

scholarly journals Learning to Chill: The Role of Design Schools and Professional Training to Improve Urban Climate and Urban Metabolism

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taleghani ◽  
Azadeh Montazami ◽  
Daniela Perrotti
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Metabolism ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Climate Studies

The increased frequency of heat-related mortality and morbidity in urban environments indicates the importance of urban climate studies. As most of the world’s population lives in cities, the education of designers, planners and policy makers is crucial to promote urban sustainability This paper, firstly, focuses on the different factors causing the urban heat islands in large cities. Secondly, it considers how these factors are reflected in higher education programmes. Examples are shown from courses in UK higher education, explaining the common software tools used for simulating urban spaces, and student field measurements are drawn on to illustrate how urban climate studies are included in higher education curricula. Urban metabolism is used to conceptualise the main approach to systemic resource-use assessments and as a holistic framework to investigate the main drivers of the urban heat island phenomenon. To sum up, this paper reflects on the importance of training climatically-aware graduates from design schools.

scholarly journals A New Convective Velocity Scale for Studying Diurnal Urban Heat Island Circulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 2151-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Fan ◽  
Yuguo Li ◽  
Xiaoxue Wang ◽  
Franco Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Prandtl Number ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Convective Velocity ◽  
Velocity Scale ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Urban Heat Island Circulation

AbstractUrban heat island circulation establishes an urban dome under stable stratification and no background wind conditions. Small-scale water models have been a very useful tool in the exploration of the mechanisms by which urban domes and their associated wind flows are formed. Data are available from a number of water-tank heat island models. Data from field measurements, computational fluid dynamics, and small-scale water-tank experiments are compared in this paper. The small-scale water-tank experiments were found to produce relatively low radial velocities, such as the radial horizontal velocity. Different relevant velocity scales developed in the literature were reviewed. The influence of the Prandtl number on convective flows was analyzed. The analysis resulted in a new convective velocity scale that is a function of the Prandtl number, and the new scale was found to work well. This new development is expected to render small-scale models more useful in urban wind studies. The new convective velocity scale may be extended to water-modeling studies of other buoyancy-driven airflows.

A Scaling Law for the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon: Deductions From Field Measurements and Comparisons With Existing Results From Laboratory Experiments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina K.-A. Neophytou ◽  
Harindra J. S. Fernando ◽  
Ekaterina Batchvarova ◽  
Mats Sandberg ◽  
Jos Lelieveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

We report results from a multi-scale field experiment conducted in Cyprus in July 2010 in order to investigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) in Nicosia capital city and its interaction with multi-scale meteorological phenomena taking place in the broader region. Specifically, the results are analysed and interpreted in terms of a non-dimensional/scaling parameter dictating the urban heat island circulation reported from laboratory experiments (Fernando et al, 2010). We find that the field measurements obey the same scaling law during the day, in the absence of any other flow phenomena apart from the urban heating. During the night we find that the deduced non-dimensional value reduces to half (compared to that during the day); this is due to the presence of katabatic winds from Troodos mountains into the urban center of Nicosia and their cooling effect superimposed on diurnal urban heating. Based on this deduction, the impact of various proposed heat island mitigation measures in urban planning can be evaluated.

scholarly journals Load Model Verification, Validation and Calibration Framework by Statistical Analysis on Field Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangqing Jiao ◽  
Yuan Liao ◽  
Thai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Verification And Validation ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Load Models ◽  
Utility System ◽  
Model Verification And Validation

AbstractAccurate load models are critical for power system analysis and operation. A large amount of research work has been done on load modeling. Most of the existing research focuses on developing load models, while little has been done on developing formal load model verification and validation (V&V) methodologies or procedures. Most of the existing load model validation is based on qualitative rather than quantitative analysis. In addition, not all aspects of model V&V problem have been addressed by the existing approaches. To complement the existing methods, this paper proposes a novel load model verification and validation framework that can systematically and more comprehensively examine load model’s effectiveness and accuracy. Statistical analysis, instead of visual check, quantifies the load model’s accuracy, and provides a confidence level of the developed load model for model users. The analysis results can also be used to calibrate load models. The proposed framework can be used as a guidance to systematically examine load models for utility engineers and researchers. The proposed method is demonstrated through analysis of field measurements collected from a utility system.

scholarly journals Mitigating urban heat island effect through integrated climate-sensitive planning framework: a study based in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqing Zhang ◽  
Chao Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
Building Geometry ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

<p><strong>Background</strong></p><p>Urban heat island (UHI) is known as one of the severe environmental problems, and thus, research on UHI mitigation from the perspective of urban morphology is indispensable, especially in tropical regions like Singapore.</p><p><strong>Objectives</strong></p><p>While studies were carried out to evaluate and relieve UHI effect in urban areas, research that conducted through integrated assessment of urban aerodynamic and long wave radiation is limited. This research aims to provide an integrated climate-sensitive planning framework to UHI mitigation by understanding urban morphology.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>A district-scale case study in Paya Lebar Air Base (PLAB) was conducted to illustrate how the urban morphological study contributes to the initial planning by an integrated analysis of climate information. Two urban morphological indices, frontal area density (FAD) and sky view factor (SVF), were calculated to depict aerodynamic and long wave radiation, i.e., pedestrian-level wind speed and air temperature, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results</strong></p><p>The SVF modelling results indicate that the UHI intensity at surrounding areas could be 2℃ to 3℃. With future development, there is a potential risk to create a spreading and more intensive UHI. Aiming at this problem, the FAD map indicates the importance of linking open spaces to create air paths, while the ΔT map implies the necessity of separating building clusters with intensive UHI. Integrated planning strategies are then developed based on the balance between link and separation, focusing on site layout and building geometry. For site layout, open spaces, e.g., major roads, building setbacks, low-rise built areas, and green corridor, should be linked to form the potential breezeways. At the same time, buffer zones like secondary forest should be arranged between site and surrounding areas to prevent new and existing UHI clusters from merging together. As for the building geometry, as the important design parameters, building height, footprint area, and building height to width ratio (H/W) should be carefully decided. Accordingly, a multi-step workflow is developed as an integrated climate-sensitive planning framework.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p><p>Urban morphology makes an important contribution to UHI effect. Integrated UHI mitigations can be developed by balancing the strategies for spatial link and separation in urban planning and design, based on climate information, e.g., aerodynamics and heat. The integrated climate-sensitive planning framework is generally applicable to tropical regions with cooling needs, as the key is to minimize temperature rise due to long wave radiation while introduce cool air to the site.</p>

scholarly journals Study of urban microclimate conditions in a commercial area of an urban centre and the environmental regeneration potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
Th Rapti ◽  
A Kantzioura
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Urban Microclimate ◽  
The Road ◽  
Urban Geometry ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Air Speed

Abstract Urban heat island (UHI) is a phenomenon that affects the urban microclimate. Land use, urban geometry, cover materials, vegetation, the water element and human activities are the most important factors that affect the UHI. This research focused on the study and analysis of the urban microclimate of three sections of a commercial street area that differ in their morphology. The first area includes a stream near the road, the second area includes the purely commercial part of the street and the third area includes the fringes of a hill in (Thessaloniki, “Toumpa”, Gr Lampraki Street). Using the Envimet V4 program, three simulations were performed for the selected study areas for the hottest day of the previous year, August 1, 2020. The values with the largest variations in all three areas were those of relative and specific humidity and finally air speed. The air temperature was higher in relation to the suburban area (UHI) and did not show significant differences in the three study areas. This leads us to the conclusion that the urban morphology, orientation and geographical location of the three study areas played the most important role in shaping the urban microclimate. Finally, is suggested one alternative scenario for optimizing the microclimate in the most burdened area of the three.

scholarly journals Historical Intimacy in Malay Urban Core Configurations: A Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e020
Author(s):  
Illyani Ibrahim ◽  
Shireen Jahn Kassim ◽  
Alias Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Urban Heat

This paper analyses the historical pre-Colonial configurations of a series of urban cores in Malay sites along the Straits of Melaka. The objective of this research is to identify the pattern and variations of each pre-Colonial royal urban core from the perspective of urban design principle such as “intimacy” and “walkability,” which can affect in a long term sustainable parameters such as the reduction of “urban heat island”. This traditional character is increasingly disappearing due to urbanisation. There is a difficulty to reconstruct the urban core of these case studies because of their past layouts’ degree of organic character, particularly in terms of randomness. This paper argues that such configurations reflect the degree of “intimacy,” which was ruptured during the Colonial eras. Patterns were identified using available maps and lithography related to the case studies. The findings indicate that the Malay royal urban core does obey the urban design principles of intimacy and walkability. The “intimacy indices” for a historical Malay city are as follow: distance from palace to mosque (170 metre), padang/open spaces (130 metre), settlement (310 metre), market (195 metre), and aristocrat houses (60 metre). This finding can be used to inform the baseline for the preparation of the Malay principles guidelines.

scholarly journals Basic Principles, Most Common Computational Tools, and Capabilities for Building Energy and Urban Microclimate Simulations

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6707
Author(s):  
George M. Stavrakakis ◽  
Dimitris Al. Katsaprakakis ◽  
Markos Damasiotis
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Urban Microclimate ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Urban Heat

This paper presents basic principles of built-environment physics’ modelling, and it reviews common computational tools and capabilities in a scope of practical design approaches for retrofitting purposes. Well-established simulation models and methods, with applications found mainly in the international scientific literature, are described by means of strengths and weaknesses as regards related tools’ availability, easiness to use, and reliability towards the determination of the optimal blends of retrofit measures for building energy upgrading and Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation. The various characteristics of computational approaches are listed and collated by means of comparison among the principal modelling methods as well as among the respective computational tools that may be used for simulation and decision-making purposes. Insights of coupling between building energy and urban microclimate models are also presented. The main goal was to provide a comprehensive overview of available simulation methods that can be used at the early design stages for planning retrofitting strategies and guiding engineers and technical professionals through the simulation tools’ options oriented to the considered case study.

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