scholarly journals Normal variance in renal size in relation to body habitus

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner S Harmse
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Kidney Size ◽  
Renal Masses ◽  
Body Habitus ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Renal Size ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Renal Length

Objective. Renal length determination is common in everyday radiology practice. However, a normal range of kidney sizes may not apply to people of all body habitus. This study investigates this relationship in order to determine normal ranges in relation to body habitus. A secondary aim was to evaluate the relationship of renal size to gender and race. Methods. Kidney lengths were measured on oblique coronal reformatted CT images of 514 patients who received routine abdominal CT scans for conditions unrelated to renal pathology. The patients had normal serum creatinine levels, no history of renal disease, no renal masses, and normal-appearing kidneys on CT. Weight, height, race and gender of the patients were recorded. Results. The mean renal length was 108 mm with a standard deviation of 9.82 mm. Statistical analysis demonstrated a relationship between kidney size and body weight and height, both individually and collectively. The most accurate prediction model was ‘kidney size = 49.18 + 0.21 x weight + 0.27 x height’, with a R2-value of 0.32. Additionally, kidneys were generally larger in the white population than in the black, and also in males than females. Conclusion. Normal renal size varies according to patients' body habitus. This variation can be expressed as a function of body weight and height, which can be represented by a nomogram and used as an easy reference in clinical practice.

General Self-Efficacy and Body Weight: The Role of Race and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412096107
Author(s):  
Gordon Schmidt ◽  
Shaun Pichler
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Self Efficacy

Overweight and obesity have become a prominent concern for policymakers, the Surgeon General, scholars, and for work organizations. The estimated annual cost of obesity in terms of lost productivity is in the tens of billions of dollars, and the estimated annual medical cost of obesity is in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Psychologists have become increasingly interested in issues related to body weight, such as ways to help people reduce body weight. The aims of our study are twofold. First, based on social cognitive theory, we offer the first study of the relationship between general self-efficacy (GSE) and body weight based on a large, representative sample. Second, we also offer an understanding of the role of race and gender as potential boundary conditions of this relationship. Findings indicate that race moderates the relationship between GSE and body weight (both BMI and perceived weight) such that this relationship is positive for Blacks but negative for Whites. Gender did not moderate the relationship between GSE and body weight. These results suggest that body weight is unrelated to general self-efficacy in the population writ large and that body weight is differentially related to self-efficacy based on race but not gender.

scholarly journals Marital Status, Marital Transitions, and Body Weight

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Umberson ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Daniel Powers
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Marital Transitions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Marital Formation

We consider how marital status and marital transitions, important features of the social environment, influence weight change over time, and how these effects vary by age, race, and gender. Growth curve analysis of a four-wave national survey suggests that marital transitions are more important than marital status in predicting change in body weight, and that marital dissolution is more important than marital formation in affecting weight. Widowhood effects on weight loss are a particular concern for population health trends, especially among African Americans.

Teaching Critical Perspectives on Body Weight

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Hutson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Moral Worth ◽  
Classroom Discussion ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Size Discrimination ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Classroom Techniques ◽  
And Gender

While most sociology students are well prepared to think critically about inequalities involving race, gender, social class, and sexuality, the topics of body weight and health present some challenges for classroom discussion. Primarily, this is due to the body’s status in contemporary society as simultaneously malleable (able to be changed) and intractable (an indicator of moral worth). Such associations lead to cases of size discrimination—what is often called “sizeism”—with impacts similar to what is experienced around race and gender discrimination. To challenge students’ taken-for-granted assumptions regarding weight and health, I detail two classroom techniques involving deconstructing the obesity “epidemic” and comparing the pro-ana community to bodybuilders for their similar use of extreme behaviors to achieve ideal bodies. In this way, students learn to critically assess something that has held a stigmatized position (fatness) as well as something that has held a valued position (thinness).

scholarly journals Comparison of ultrasonographic findings in cats with and without azotaemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 948-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Lamb ◽  
Helen Dirrig ◽  
Stefano Cortellini
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
Renal Size ◽  
Us Findings ◽  
Renal Length

Objectives The objective of this study was to identify the renal ultrasonographic (US) findings most strongly associated with azotaemia in cats. Methods US findings in 238 cats with (serum creatinine >180 μmol/l) and 270 cats without azotaemia were compared in a retrospective case-control study. Cats with pre-renal azotaemia or urethral obstruction were excluded. Data extracted from the medical records included age, body weight and body condition score (BCS). Quantitative and subjective US findings were extracted from archived ultrasound images and contemporaneous reports. Results In non-azotaemic cats, mean ± SD renal length was 40.1 ± 5.5 mm. Male cats had larger kidneys than female cats (mean difference 5.2 mm; P = 0.001) and, on average, the right kidney was slightly larger than the left (mean difference 1.6 mm; P = 0.01). Azotaemic cats had significantly lower mean body weight and BCS, and greater mean age and renal pelvic diameter. Renal pelvic diameter was negatively correlated with urine specific gravity (ρ –0.44, P <0.001). Compared with non-azotaemic cats, there was no difference in mean renal length of azotaemic cats because the numbers with enlarged kidneys and small kidneys were similar. Radiologists’ subjective assessments of renal size differed markedly between azotaemic and non-azotaemic cats, with azotaemic cats more likely to be recorded falsely as having abnormally small or enlarged kidneys. US findings significantly associated with azotaemia were perinephric fluid (odds ratio [OR] 26.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4–207.7), small kidneys (OR 8.4, 95% CI 4.0–17.4), hyperechoic renal cortex (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.2–7.6), loss of corticomedullary differentiation (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.8–9.6), renal calculi (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4–4.9), enlarged kidneys (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.5) and dilated renal pelvis (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–1.9). Conclusions and relevance Perinephric fluid was the US finding most strongly associated with azotaemia in this study and may merit more emphasis than it has received to date. Bias in radiologists’ subjective assessments of renal size suggests that other subjective findings will also be biased.

Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Rodi ◽  
Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽  
Christine Walrath ◽  
Robert L. Stephens ◽  
D. Susanne Condron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Referral Patterns ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Prevention Behavior ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
And Gender ◽  
To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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